Securing the Crime Scene Essay -- Crime

When the call comes in that a crime has been committed, the jurisprudence are dispatched to the crime scene. When the patrol scram on scene, they need to take control by apprehending any suspects and looking for witnesses/victims. If the scene is not safe, the first responders must secure the area. If anyone is hurt, they should call for aesculapian personnel as soon as possible. The first police officer on scene is usually in charge until a criminal tec arrives on scene. Depending on the crime committed, the crime scene could be as small as the interior room of a building or as large as the whole neighborhood. The whole crime scene area needs to be secure so that rise is not tampered with by anyone.The police officer in charge can start a bet for more evidence so that it can be secured by the time investigators arrive on scene. There are five different search methods the point-to-point movement, ever-widening circle, ever-narrowing circle, zone or sector search, and th e strip or grid search (Lushbaugh, and Weston, 2011). Each search is used under different circumstances that all depend on how large the crime scene is and if it has occurred indoors, outdoors, inside of a building, etc.Once a criminal investigator arrives, the police should have the area secured so the investigators can do their jobs. Investigators will enter the crime scene and will have more or less equipment to preserve evidence on hand. Evidence wont be removed until proper procedures are followed so that it is not jeopardized. They will number apiece piece of evidence and take fits of it. For example, if there was a drop of blood on the ground, a number would be put next to it and a picture would be taken. The pictures will be up close, ... ...y quickly and can document accurately. Investigators can go over the crime scene and look for any evidence that may have been missed. Overall, crime scenes that are committed inside of a building are a little easier to deal w ith than an outside crime scene.References department of Justice. (n.d.). All about forensic science. Retrieved from http//www.all-about-forensic-science.com/types-of-crime-scene.htmlKatz, M., Scheck, O., & Bode, N. (2011). Man stabbed to death outside chelsea nightclub where lebron james partied. Dna info, Retrieved from http//www.dnainfo.com/20110926/chelsea-hells-kitchen/man-found-stabbed-death-ChelseaLayton, J. (2005). How crime scene investigation works. Retrieved from http//science.howstuffworks.com/csi2.htmLushbaugh, C. A., & Weston, P. B. (2011). Criminal investigation staple perspectives. (12 ed.). Pearson.

Urban and Suburban Secondary Education Essay -- Arugmentative Arugment

Urban and Suburban Secondary raisingThere is a huge disparity between urban and suburban secondary education in worldly concern schools. Many critics of this inequality are arguing that urban schools are not receiving the same attention as schools that are in suburban areas or wealthier parts of country. Urban schools are facing a large crisis on on that point hands, these schools are not meeting the requi release criteria in educating and graduating their students. So, why is there a huge inequality between urban and suburban secondary public schools? Much of the debate falls around school funding and how much schools are stipulation to operate. Many urban schools are not beingness given enough money to train its students, pay its teachers, buy new books, and afford technology that could be used in the classroom in order to educate its students. Though funding plays an important role in education another issue that urban schools are facing is prejudice from teacher towards mi nority and light income students students who fit description are often thought of as worthless because either they are receiving low test scores, can not speak incline well, create trouble in the classroom or they are simply thought of as futile. While minorities fall under prejudice, illegal immigrant students are being attacked because they are attending public schools at the expense of tax payers. Illegal immigrants are being blamed for much of reasons that schools are finding themselves in the red when it comes to school funding simply illegal immigrants are breaking the piggy bank and leaving schools in the hole as the Federation for American in-migration Reform (FAIR) puts it. In retrospect what ultimately is happening is that students in urban secondary public schools whom... ...ducational opportunitiesprovided to U.S. citizen children, and that there was no evidence that the U.S. government seriously think to deport the parents of the illegal alien children. The Court c ould reverse the ruling if these circumstances were to change or if Congress were to make the exclusion of these students explicit by legislation. reference U.S. Supreme Court Plyler v. Doe (1982) 1 Table 160, Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose 1919-20 to 199-2000, Digest of Education Statistics 2002, National Center for Education and Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, State Expenditures Report, 2001.3 Michael Fix & Jeffrey S. Passel, U.S. Immigration-Trends and Implication for Schools, Immigration Studies Program, Urban Institute, January 2003.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literacy Analysis

are asylums meant to shelter the affected persons or to help ball club flee away from abnormalities that atomic number 18 undeniable in human life? What are the consequences of keeping a person kept captive behind these so called shelters? These questions are some of the many that are inquired in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Within the lines of the haze over plot in this short story, the author makes it clear that the unnamed protagonist was not, in fact, wild or suffering from a definitive disease or mental malfunction. However, this mental disorder is only a way that the narrator actively rebels against society and how patriarchy has occupyricted her into becoming a heap of unsettled thoughts.In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator describes her illness and the conditions she faces, however through the abridgment of her writing she begins to reveal the oppression that she is forced to submit to. more than of the protagonists oppression c omes from her save, as he does not believe she is delirious at all. Because she is timid and is subdued by her spouse she believes, like the rest of society, that a males qualifications can automatically make him right. The narrator tends to question her husbands view, but then covers it up with his credentials in her private journal entries, You see he does not believe I am sick And what can adept do? If a physician of gamey standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary queasy depression -- a slight hysterical tendency -- what is one to do? (Gilman Wallpaper, 1) This is only the beginning of the oppression and the beginning of the narrators rebellion against a society controlled by men. The au... ...nd The Yellow Wallpaper. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper.. The Captive Imagination A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,. Ed. Catherine Golden. New York libber Pre ss at the City University of New York, 1992. 51-53. Rpt. in pathetic Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 62. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York Feminist, 1973. Print. Knight, Denise D. I am getting angry enough to do something desperate The Question of Female Madness.. The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman A Dual-Text searing Edition. Ed. Shawn St. Jean. Athens Ohio University Press, 2006. 73-87. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 201. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literacy Analysis Are asylums meant to shelter the affected persons or to help society flee away from abnormalities that are inevitable in human life? What are the consequences of keeping a person kept captive behind these so called shelters? These questions are some of the many that are inquired in The Yellow Wallpa per by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Within the lines of the obscure plot in this short story, the author makes it clear that the unnamed protagonist was not, in fact, insane or suffering from a definitive disease or mental malfunction. However, this mental disorder is only a way that the narrator actively rebels against society and how patriarchy has restricted her into becoming a heap of insecure thoughts.In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator describes her illness and the conditions she faces, however through the analysis of her writing she begins to reveal the oppression that she is forced to submit to. Much of the protagonists oppression comes from her husband, as he does not believe she is sick at all. Because she is timid and is subdued by her spouse she believes, like the rest of society, that a males qualifications can automatically make him right. The narrator tends to question her husbands view, but then covers it up with his credentials in her private journal entries, You see he does not believe I am sick And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency -- what is one to do? (Gilman Wallpaper, 1) This is only the beginning of the oppression and the beginning of the narrators rebellion against a society controlled by men. The au... ...nd The Yellow Wallpaper. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper.. The Captive Imagination A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,. Ed. Catherine Golden. New York Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1992. 51-53. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 62. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York Feminist, 1973. Print. Knight, Denise D. I am getting angry enough to do something desperate The Questi on of Female Madness.. The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman A Dual-Text Critical Edition. Ed. Shawn St. Jean. Athens Ohio University Press, 2006. 73-87. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 201. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.

The Leader-Follower Relationship :: leadership, motivation theories

leading is studied and analysed so that the effective practices can be taught and applied in todays organizations. The concept of leadership has been expanded to discuss the followers role in the leader-follower relationship. While leading is often considered an active role, following can entertain a negative connotation, especially when seen as a passive, subordinate position. However, following can be a choice, and the difference between the leader and follower is the activities, sort of than abilities (Wren, p.201). An organization possesses effective followers is just as important for success as having effective leaders. Hersey and Blanchard describe this relationship as dynamic and use Situational Leadership (R) as a model for the leaders to improve the performance of their followers. Manz and Sims describe a historical view of leader types which has evolved to view the superleader as the just about effective type for our current culture. The role of the super leader is to empower followers to become self-leaders themselves. The Situational Leadership model may contain the word Leadership, but it is largely about effective management practices and does not address developing the role of the follower. There is a difference between managing and leading. In Managerial Roles, H. Mintzberg describes 10 roles, sorted under the categories of interpersonal, informational and decision roles, that a manager should posses. An effective leader should have those skills as well, in addition to having an overall vision, clearly communicating those goals and motivating their followers to work towards it (Wren, p.378). Leadership is also about directing change. Without change, leadership is only management of the status quo (MacNeil, Cavanagh, Silcox, p.6). There is nothing wrong with begin a happy manager, just as there is much value to be an effective follower.The role of the follower and subordinate is very different in terms of might and choice. Subordinates are considered passive, lacking in initiative and responsibility. The image of sheep comes to mind, where as followers are more active, and engage in more critical thinking (Wren, p.195). Robert Kelley shape up describes the effective followers have good self-management skills, abilities and motivation, which are exactly the same qualities apparent in effective leaders. That relationship between leader and follower is be by the role they play, since an effective follower has the skills to switch positions with the leader.

Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide William Shakespeares character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius death, until her own mysterious death. In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and intermit that she is crazy11. Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness. Although their impression of Ophelia can be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her words, as it is shown in her actions. Ophelias songs seem like riddles and nonsense22, yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at multiplication sarcasm. However, Ophelias whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play. Still, this behavior is not consistent with the sad words in her grief-laden so ngs, nor is it consistent with a adult female in grief rather Ophelias physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness. Hamlets act to convince his insanity to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlets direct with his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girls suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death. In act four, scene five Gertrude and Horatio discuss Ophelias worsening condition directly former to her entrance. They attribute the young girls decline to her concern for her recently dead father. Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ... Notes 11 Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 22 Hamlet, (4.5.7) 33 Hamlet, (4.5.6-7). 44 Neely, chant Thomas, Document in Madness, University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 55 Hamlet, (4.5.21). 66 Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 77Hamlet , (2.2.186) 88 Turner, John, Hamlet The Court in Transition. University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 99 Neely, p. 333. 1010 Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 1111 Neely, p. 333. 1212 Hamlet, (4.5.55). 1313 Neely, p. 333. 1414 Hamlet, (4.5.159). 1515 Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 1616 Persoon, James. Shakespeares Hamlet the moment of Ophelias distribution of herbs and flowers. Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 1717 Persoon, p 71. 1818Hamlet, (2.2109)

Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide William Shakespeares character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius death, until her deliver mysterious death. In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and conclude that she is crazy11. Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness. Although their impression of Ophelia kitty be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her linguistic communication, as it is shown in her actions. Ophelias songs seem like riddles and nonsense22, yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at times sarcasm. However, Ophelias whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play. Still, this behavior is not consistent with the sad words in her grief-laden songs, nor is it consistent with a woman in grief rather Ophelias physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness. Hamlets act to convince his alienation to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlets lead with his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girls suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death. In act four, scene five Gertrude and Horatio handle Ophelias worsening condition directly prior to her entrance. They attribute the young girls decline to her concern for her recently dead father. Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ... Notes 11 Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 22 Hamlet, (4.5.7) 33 Hamlet, (4.5.6-7). 44 Neely, Carol Thomas, Document in Madness, University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 55 Hamlet, (4.5.21). 66 Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 7 7Hamlet, (2.2.186) 88 Turner, John, Hamlet The Court in Transition. University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 99 Neely, p. 333. 1010 Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 1111 Neely, p. 333. 1212 Hamlet, (4.5.55). 1313 Neely, p. 333. 1414 Hamlet, (4.5.159). 1515 Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 1616 Persoon, James. Shakespeares Hamlet the meaning of Ophelias distribution of herbs and flowers. Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 1717 Persoon, p 71. 1818Hamlet, (2.2109)

The Gravity Model of Trade

THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 1 Assignment 1 The Gravity Model Of Trade Do Size And Distance Matter For The Exports Of japan? THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 2 Abstract In the field of international economics, the gravity model for dispense reveals that bilateral trade is directly proportionate with the extent of the economy (usually expressed in GDP) and inversely proportional with the geographical distance between the analysed entities. The present report illustrates the model for the case of lacquer, elaborating the trade patterns created among it and its 9 main trade quislings.The parameters for the gravity equation are estimated and the relation between GDP and exports for the countries in question are depicted through a up frame plot, for a more in-depth view on the connections. By testing the model it can be observed that the trade relations of Japan are existence influenced by the size of it of the economy and the distance to the trade partners. (JEL F100, F170) THE GRAVITY MO DEL OF TRADE 3 The law of universal gravitation was published by Isaac nitrogen as a general physical law.Its application was later on spread into various fields of research, succeeding to explain a series of scientific phenomena. In international economics, the gravity model of trade is used in order to predict bilateral trade flows in respect to the economic effect (measured in GDP) and distance between the two states taken into consideration. The present report aims to illustrate the gravity model of trade for the particular case of Japan, revealing how size and distance influence the countrys exports, centering the study on the relation among Japan and its 9 top trade partner countries.The model leave be tested by estimating the parameters of the gravity equation, namely the elasticities for GDP and distance. In order to estimate the gravity equation, the R statistical software has been used. The data set contains information regarding exports, GDP and distance to destination country, retrieved from the 2011 International Trade Statistics Yearbook of the join Nations. All data has 2011 as the year of reference. The GDP value for individually country has been converted into billions of USD, in order to maintain the same unit of measure.Example Chinas GDP 2011 = 47. 16 trillion CN? exchange rate 1$ = 6. 4588 CN? therefore, Chinas GDP for 2011 amounts to 7,298,147 millions USD. Figure 1 shows Japans trade as dowery of the exports of the top-9 export destinations in 2011, versus the GDP as ploughshare of the total GDP reported by the top-9 export destinations. As it can be seen, China does a lot more trade with Japan than tear down with the U. S. A, the main reason being the small distance between the two states, which THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE reduces transportation costs.In addition to this, the cultural factor has too to be taken 4 into consideration, as both Japan and China are Asian cultures sharing similar values and tastes therefore they have a look-alike pattern of trade. The linear equation appears as it follows z = 12. 03 + 0. 05 x1 (-0. 15) x2 The coefficients of correlation in respect to GDP are b = 0. 05, therefore there is a weak relationship between trade and one countrys GDP. The coefficient of correlation in respect to distance is c=-0. 5, therefore there is besides a weak relationship between trade and the distance between Japan and the trade partner country. The direct effect is that trade increases by 0. 05% when the partner countrys GDP increases by 1%, while it decreases by 0. 15% when the distance to the partner countries increases by 1%. The mean and the standard divergence (descripted variables) have been computed for the variables GDP, exports, distance. GDP mean= 1556897. 3, standard deviation= 2417090. 79 Exports mean= 58211. 7, standard deviation= 52047. 57 Distance mean=4319060. , standard deviation= 3462913. 81 The results obtained depict that the model it is indeed verified, but the correlatio ns are not strong enough in order to fully explain the patterns of trade between Japan and its 9 main trade-partners. Nevertheless, we can observe that both distance between countries and the size of one countrys economy are factors that influence the trade between two states. THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 5 References American Economic Association, JEL Classification Codes Guide. Retrieved October 6, 2012 from http//www. aeaweb. org/jel/guide/jel. hp Centre dEtudes Prospectives et dInformations Internationales (CEPII) (2011). Geodesic Distances. Retrieved on October 6, 2012 from http//www. cepii. fr/anglaisgraph/bdd/distances. htm International Monetary Fund. (2012). International Financial Statistics Yearbook 2012. Washington, DC International Monetary Fund Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz (2012), International Economics Theory & Policy, (9th edition), Pearson Education United Nations. (2011). 2011 International Trade Statistics Yearbook. New York United Nations. Retrieved on October 14 , 2012 from http//comtrade. n. org/pb/CountryPagesNew. aspx? y=2011 United Nations Statistics Division, Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations. Retrieved October 15, 2012 from http//unstats. un. org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha. htm THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 6 Table 1 Japans Trade Partners Country Exports (millions USD) China USA Republic of Korea China, Hong Kong SAR Thailand Singapore Germany Malaysia Netherlands 162062. 1 127679. 0 66167. 5 42954. 4 37530. 60 27264. 60 23505. 50 18796. 00 17945. 80 GDP (millions USD) 7298147. 00 14660400. 00 1116247. 00 243666. 00 345672. 00 259849. 0 3607364. 00 287943. 00 838112. 00 2098111. 00 10855. 59 1156. 67 2891225. 00 4612997. 00 5326388. 00 9298341. 00 5329095. 00 9303377. 00 Distance (km) Source Data retrieved from the 2011 International Trade Statistics Yearbook of the United Nations (2011 year of reference) Table 1 THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 7 Figure 1. Which are the closest trade partners for Japan? This figure illustrates Japan s trade as percentage of the exports of the top-9 export destinations in 2011, versus the GDP as percentage of the total GDP reported by the top-9 export destinations.

Effects of Early Marriage Essay

This chapter consist of Introduction, understate of the Study, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, possibility, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study and interpretation of Terms.IntroductionMarriage is get winded as one of the greatest part of a couples invigoration. Things that shall be cherish and treasure by a habituated partners. Considering the new, civilized and liberated nation, it was well known in this country that early conjugal union is considered as a controversial subject matter. Early marriage affects the individual involved in it in many psychological and social ways. There were possibilities that the couple who were marry at their young age struggles in facing the hardships and difficulties of life without learning and knowing what a get hitched with life was. It is considerable that this disposed couple were not yet ready to face the difficulties of what married life was.Background of the StudyEarly marriage or child mar riage refers to a marriage wherein the souls involved were not on their exact ages of a marriageable couple, it is oftentimes and often before puberty. In some cases only one marriage-partner is a child and they were usually females. And in some worst cases the females were actually pregnant that they consider marriage as a solution. At some point the females involved in early marriage were already physically and psychologically abuse by the time they were engage on that early marriage.In this schooling the researchers wanted to allege any other people that this issue early marriage is a serious case that people shall know. The researchers involved themselves to people who were actually married at their young ages, people who were not yet married and people who were meshed about the topic.EVALUATION SHEETName _____________Age ___Gender ________Classification (please check) Student ___ Wife ___ Husband ___ Directions Check the box which correspond your answer.1.Do you prefer to be married at a young age?YesNo2.On what age you wanted to be married?______________3.Do you already have a husband/wife?YesNo4.Are you officially married?YesNo5.What age did you married your partner?______________6.Are you forced to marry your partner?Yes No7.Are you prepared to have a family?Yes No8.Have you been abuse by your partner?YesNo9.What opprobrious acts have you experience from your partner?___________________________________Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of this study was represented in a form of a schematic diagramIV DVFrame I Frame IIFrame I Independent variable wherein it consists of early marriage or child marriage. Frame II Dependent variables wherein it consist of the causes of why people engage themselves to early marriage or child marriage. It consist of dependent variables that will cause a person to be married at a young age.Statement of the ProblemWho will be badly affected by early marriage?HypothesisThe researchers came upon the hypothesis t hat the women or females involve in early marriage were the ones that will suffer from the effects of early marriage.Early marriageThis study was made to inform and to give about early marriage and its effects to the partners involved.Future ResearchersThis study can be use as a source of data and discipline for future related researches.Scope and LimitationsThis is a study that has limited data and information about early marriage. The data gathered in this study came and evaluated from (20) wedded housewives (20) wedded husbands (5) single female student/s (5) single male student/s. Thus the process and preparation on this study must be carefully discussed for the others to be informed well.This study is not intended to bother or harm other person involved in a family that was assiduous in an early marriage like their child/children thus this study was made to just inform those people what early marriage really was.This study used evaluation sheets to evaluate what really were t he effects of early marriage in a couple, in a student.Definition of TermsEarly marriage/child marriage it is a matrimony wherein it is given to those children even though they were not in their marriageable ages.

Frankenstein as Anti-Hero Character Essay

SUCI HANIFAHLITERARY CRITICISM IIEDRIA SANDIKA/MARLIZA YENI8 MAY 2013Frankenstein as Anti Hero CharacterA women who wrote Frankenstein named, Mary Shelley, she was born August 30, 1797, in London, England. Mary Shelley came from a rich literary heritage. She was the daughter of William Godwin, a political theorist, novelist, and publisher. Her ideas to write Frankenstein cameon summer of 1816, Mary and his brother Percy visited the poet Lord Byron at his villa beside Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Stormy weather finally forced them going indoors, while the other guests read a volume of ghost stories. So there, Marys tosh became Frankenstein when she was only 19 years old.Frankenstein was published in 1818, when Mary was 21, and became a huge success. Many people disbelieving that a 19-year-old woman could have scripted such a horror story.The story starts with the letter of a sailor who had trip to North Pole, in the letter to his baby he was talking some a new friend, who was strange , calm, but had complicated and mysterious life story behind. The mans name was Victor Frankenstein, Victor told him all of his life story, slightly his happy childhood, his family, Elizabeth, his best friend Hendry Clerval who taught him virtually danger and adventure. Victor was a bright student, he loves science, he intends to now about everything, nature,universe , and also the living creature. And his curiousity about human being, drove him into his big achievement in his entire of life, his passion, desire, and mind, led him to create a human or worse, we can say it a horrible moster.The designing of Victor Frankenstein is very interesting to be analyzed. Mary created him with amazing personality, which can be categorized as Heros trait but by means of his achievement and fatal flaw, that personality is destroyed by himself, in pillow slip here described as anti- grinder. Focus of analysis is Victors delineation in this story, because he passed so many events with up an d downs untill finally he found the way to make his dream come true, to research about human and made a human- deal. So, the next chapter leave alone discuss especially anti hero, and will show the evidences andthe codes that put Victor as a Anti-hero.A hero in literary work is a component which has a special power, admirable traits, and good achievement (Begley 1). The power that a hero has must be used for the justice, the human, for the unsophisticated and the world, a hero must have a special power, physically or spiritually. The action from a hero will impress the people around, being admirer because of their admirable traits, kind hearted, full of spirit, brave and honest. An absolute example of a hero is Captain America, who fight for his country and human, or Doraemon who has a special ability to use a sophisticated tools to help Nobita, and nobody have it, that special pocket. On the contrary, Anti-hero is similar with the hero, but he has a fatal flaw that lead him an d his society into misery. Anti heroes usually distrust common values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals. In his writing, Begley adds that anti hero will has some of the personality flaws and ultimate fortune traditionally assigned to villains but beside that also has enough heroic qualities or pattern to gain the sympathy of readers, anti hero can be awkward, passive, or pitiful.Victor in general, seemingly has Heros traits. Victor came from a horrible family, rich, and high respect in his society, his father had filled several public situations and positions with honour and reputation. He was a civilized person, his parent loved him so much, he was bringing up with a big fullfilment, tenderness and deep conciousness of his parent toward him. He received a lesson of patience, charity, and self-control, he really has a beautifull childhood, as he told to the sailor No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself (Shelly 29). That was several proves that Victor being rise and growth willingly.In Frankenstein, Victor was a round character, round character is a complex character and increases in complexity throughout the story, and the opposite of flat character (Gerald. Dictionary of Narratology). Because if we identify the character of Victor start from his happy childhood, university environment, but since he created the human-like, the complexity of his life getting worse and worse. He tried to struggle and beated down the monster to accede his mistake, and went back to his hometown to safe his family but ironically he couldnt.The position of Victor as the anti hero is set in the blurring line between hero and villain (Begley 2), but through the actions and the way he thinks the reader can judge or give their opinion about this tragic character. Looking for the breath and action of the character, based on the proairetic code by Roland Barthes, which is applies to any action that implies a further narrative action of Victor in general, we may realize the two bigest act of him The first when he ran away after staring at the monster. Run here means that he tried to free up his regret feeling, hide his fearness. And the second when Victor decide to chase the monster, chasing here absolutely as the revenge, and retaliation for his sinful feeling.The first time when Victor get down his misery was when his mother died, all this time his mother such an angel to him, but when she died, he seemed like to lose his life, and Elizabeth is the only woman that he loved. When he study in University, he met with Professor M. Krempe and M. Waldman who provided and inspired him to start his research, without permission from the preofessor, Victor secretly started to create a human, in his apartment which had changed into private laboratory. wizard by one the various keys were touched, and victimize his bright brain, and soul, Victor successfully made up his achievement. Till this part we can say he had go on his purpose, but in fact after he stared at his own creature, what was become his dream, was exactly right destroy in a few seconds. As it shown in Victors mind when he finished his creature I felt the bitterness of disappointment, dreams that had been my food and pleasant rest for so dogged a space were now become a hell to me, and the change was so rapid, the overthrow so complete (Shelley 50). Thisis prove that he was so scare off to the thing that he had created, it is not satisfy his sacrifice that he had done for a very long time, but just end up with a horrible creature in front of him.The pitiful life of Victor could be also the evidence that bring him to anti hero, as the characteristic of anti hero, Victor has some of it. He typically distrust conventional values, he thinks and acts in the outsideline of normal people, he likes the different things, just like how much he loves his gods fantacy Cornelious Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, Paracelsus. When I read Frankenstein, it mak es a serious catharsis, the emotion of the reader, and how the sympathy feeling suddenly appear when Victor met his fatal flaw. The last clue is the death of Victors family, started with his youngest brother who had been killed by the monster, then his best friend Hendry, his lovely wife Elizabeth, and the last was his father. Beside that, the result of his horrible creatures revenge also cause an innocent woman had been punished. This is the biggest fatal flaw that he made, the creature that he created, gave soul, had destroyed and drown himself, his admirable trait was useless, his mind, knowledge, power, preferably led him to a tragic end of his life and cause the mental conflict. The condition af Victor after he had drown was so pathetic, as Walton explained to his sister in the letter His limbs was nearly frozen, and his body dreadfully emaciated by fatigue and suffering. I never saw a man in so wretched a condition (Frankenstein, P. 16)As far as I concern about Victor Franke nstein position in the story, that is true that he was arrival his achivement which become his purpose of studying and researching, but through his human creation, the monster had caused him in the middle line of hero or anti hero. In case here, based on the evidences that I already explain above, Victor was not a Villain. Because Villain regarded as antagonist and never change his mind or his goal, but Victor directly changed his mind and felt scare at the very first time he saw his living creatures eyes. Moreover, when he depressed by the death of the people that he loves, had been murdered by the monster, he changed his mind, refused to make another monster and decided to fight back. This is what anti hero did, after the fatal flaw, depressed, big loses in his life, then ends up ironically with the sadness and sorrow.ReferencesWilfred, Guerrin. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York. Oxford University Press. 1999 Begley, Louis. Defenition of Anti- Hero. 2000Pr ince, Gerald. Dictionary of Narratology. Accessed on 7 May 2013 Module on Barthes On the Five Code. Accessed on 7 May 2013 The Adaptation from theNational Library of Medicine.Frankenstein Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Retrieved from websites www.duluth.lib.mn.us

Dost File

Spanning the millennium head on Department of Science and technology office IV-A Vol. XVI No. 2 February 2008 DOST-ITDI, ICETT give GFIS Joined hands with DOST CALABARZON in greening environments The Industrial Technology Development Institute, a line office of DOST, in cooperation with the International concentre for Environmental Technology Transfer (ICETT), based in Yokkaichi City, Prefecture of Mie, Japan, and select DOST Regional Offices are firing up local initiatives to progress productivity yet still preserve local environment.ICETT, with the support and cooperation of its take national and local governments, industry, and academe, utilizes Japans collected industrial technologies and administrative measures on environmental conservation. It applies these to implement designs and projects on the same together with take part countries. The aim is to enhance greening of regional environments and prevent their destruction overseas, thus achieving conservation globally. Together with ICETT, the Philippines as participating country is thus implementing Green Framework of Innovative Strategy on Sustainable Consumption and Productivity or GFIS, a five-year project of DOST-ITDI through its program on Cleaner Production. GFIS aims to 1. Establish model industrial-eco barangays, towns and communities 2. Improve environmental per general anatomyance of both local industries and its community through environmental awareness, Cleaner Production (CP), readiness Efficiency (EE), and Environmental Management System (EMS) and 3.Recommend provisions for inclusion in policy recommendations to local government units and national government agencies. GREENHOUSE power GFIS aims to enhance greening of regional environments thus contributing to global diminution of the Greenhouse Effect. The greenhouse effect refers to the way in which gases in the Earths atmosphere warm the Earth like the glass roof of a greenhouseby letting sunlight in but keeping the reflected heat energy trapped inside.These graphicly occurring gases, notably carbon dioxide and water vapor, are called greenhouse gases. DOST CALABARZON Bulletin February 2008 DOST-ITDI claims that one of the components of GFIS under the CP program is technological capacity expression of staffs. It added CP is a forward looking anticipate and prevent philosophy. Thus, firms prevent pollution before they occur resulting in deprivationuced wastes generated at source. This indirectly reduces operating cost and increases safety of workers.The results are an improved corporate image as perceived by the public and global competitiveness. GFIS is being pilot tested at DOST NCR, DOST CALABARZON and DOST Region V. DOST CALABARZON through Guilberto A. Veluz, Center Manager for Technical Operations, new-fashionedly initiated conduct of a three-day training and workshop for Cleaner Production Assessors of the region at Batis Aramin safety and Hotel in Lucban, Quezon. The Regional Office intended to build CP and EE technical capabilities of 18 CP assessors from five state universities in CALABARZON.These include Provincial S Center of Quezon, Cavite State University, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Batangas State University, University of Rizal System, and the S bug outhern Luzon State University. During the training, the assessors evaluated production of Center Miki Factory and Valdes Poultry Farm in Lucban, and Capistrano hush and Kamayan sa Palaisdaan in Tayabas. The assessors completed drafting of the FiRST Reports (Findings, Recommendations, Schedules and Tasks) and gave copies to management representatives of participating firms. They will submit the complete CP report one month after the training. (AMG) modernistics program elsewhere password elsewhere NEWS elsewhere NEWS elsewhere NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWH ERE EWS LSEWHERE DOST-PTRI puts to good use young coconut tree husks Develops cloth dye While to the highest degree of us enjoy the hot summers drinking Buko juice (juice trope young coconut) and nibbling on its fresh meat as an effort to while away time, the Philippine Textile Research Institute (DOSTPTRI) found good use for the young coconut husks which we usually throw away.DOST-PTRI turned difficult to remove stains from these husks into a textile dye called coconut pink. They found out that young coconut husk extract imparts red to maroon color on silk, pina-seda and pina while it produces an old rosebush color on cotton. They also established colorfastness, laundering and light ratings of the dyed materials and found these to be satisfactory for all these types. Coconut husks potential to impart red color comes as a necessary indulgence for textile manufacturers who use in great quantities the non-colorfast red dye from sibukao (Caesalpinnia sappan).The textile institutes interrogation study revealed that young coconut husks sourced from different locations produce varying shades of red. This required thus hue and color tint matching capabilities and adjustments in the dye parameters. In addition, DOST-PTRI found that coconuts from high elevations yield almost no color compared with coconuts from coastals and low- lying areas. This new use for young coconut husks holds promise for additional income for farmers. Likewise, the new techniques requirement for compulsory chopping of husks before extraction facilitates rapid decomposition.This reduces the risk of clogging of waterways and drainage systems along coconut processing villages. Incidentally, this emerging natural dye industry runs complimentary to the National Coconut Agenda as it does not compete with the food and health uses of coconut. DOST-PTRI pilot tested the young coconut husk extraction and textile application technology using materials from the Bahaghari and kaLIKHAsan Collection of Kingsmen Corporation and Mariana Fashion Apparels, respectively. The technique forms part of the package of technologies adopted and commercialized by Soumak Collection to produce one of their original color options.Their dyed creations are sold in select shops in California, New York City, parts of Asia, and soon in Europe. Soumak Collection also tried the new dyeing technology on cotton bed linens for their Bed and Beddings collection. (PTRIAMG) DOST CALABARZON Bulletin NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHEREFebruary 2008 Space Technology commissioning pushes for acquiring SATELLITE for RP In a resolution signed during the recent Second National Congress on Space Technology Applications and Research (NCSTAR), some 25 government and private agencies declared that th e Philippines badly needs its own earth-observing orbiter which open fire provide real-time data crucial in disaster monitoring and weather forecasting. An earth observation system will be beneficial to the country, says Dr.Reynaldo Ebora, Executive Director of the Department of Science and Technologys Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCASTRD), convenor of the congress. The Philippines is perennially bear upon by natural disasters, fashioning timely, synoptic home-based information a necessity. Participants to the Second National Congress gave solid support for a proposal to explore possibilities of acquiring the countrys own earth-observing satellite.Once acquired, the satellite will provide weather forecast months in advance. It throw out predict where diseases like malaria and SARS are most likely to arise. While most may look at the acquisition as a way to avoid bother in their daily activities, regular incidence of ty phoons and their resulting diseases show the importance of the satellite in saving lives and properties. According to DOSTs space technology expert Dr.Jose Edgardo Aban, having our own earth-observing satellite can assist the country in monitoring our land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, and surrounding oceans. The satellite can track environmental changes in areas it is assigned. Processes that the earth undergoes, be it biological, ecological, climatological, or geological, can be monitored and better understood. These will enable us, especially our leaders and experts, to make more informed decisions that may affect lives, the environment, and the economy.Aside from these, it can monitor lumber fires, predict the effect of air quality on people, provide farmers with immediate forecast to help maximize agricultural yields, and calculate the pattern of typhoons and storms. Likewise, participants proposed the inclusion of satellite development and other related space technology app lications in the school curriculum and strengthening the coordinative functions of the current Science and Technology Coordinating Council Committee on Space Technology Applications. DOST scholar grad finds 900 BLACK HOLES in the skyA Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) scholar-graduate is now making waves in the international astronomical world after leading a team that discovered the largest number of super massive black holes in the centers of galaxies in the universe. Reinabelle Reyes, a PhD student at Princeton University and a BS Physics summa cum laude graduate at the Ateneo de Manila University in 2005, led a team of Sloan digital Sky Survey (SDSS) scientists that discovered a large number of clandestine quasars that are shrouded in light-absorbing dust and gas.According to Reyes, her team found around 900 hidden quasars, which is by far the largest sample ever found. We found that hidden quasars make up at least half of the quasars in the nearby universe, implying that most of the tidy black holes in our neighborhood had previously been unrecognized, she said. She added their discovery shows that powerful black holes are more common in the last eight billion geezerhood of cosmic history than had previously been thought and that the relative numbers of hidden compared to normal quasars show how the appearance of dust and gas determine the presence of a hidden quasar. The large number of hidden quasars we discovered implies that most of the light emitted by quasars is actually obscured. Moreover, because the light from these hidden quasars previously had been unaccounted for, black holes turn out to be more efficient in converting the energy of in-falling matter into light than we had thought, she said. The research team presented its discovery last January 9 at the annual brush of the American Astronomical Society in Austin, Texas, and has submitted a paper describing the research for publication in the Ast ronomical Journal.Reyes said their project is the culmination of the graduate dissertation work of her co-author, Nadia Zakamska, a long-term postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study, under the supervision of Princeton professor Michael Strauss. Dr. Ester B. Ogena, Director of the DOST-SEI, said Reyes success in her locomote is a glaring example of the quality of scholar-graduates the country produces and the vast potential the Philippines has in space science. We hope that our students would be able to get inspiration from Reyes and dog a career in the sciences that will 2 hopefully add to the roster of our great astronomers and space scientists, she said. (PCASTRD AMG) DOST CALABARZON Bulletin 2008 NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEFebruary NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE NEWS ELSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE WHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE EWS LSEWHERE For mation of a Black Hole In the red giant phase towards the end of a senses life, a star with up to 1. solar masses becomes unstable and ejects its exterior layers into space (1), creating a planetary nebula, before contracting again to form a white dwarf, which cools, eventually becoming a black dwarf, too cold to shine. If the red giant is more massive, it generates heavy elements like iron and grows (2) to form a supergiant. Then it explodes and its matter is released into space. If the entire supergiant explodes (3), this is a supernova. Depending on its mass, the supernova gives birth either to a neutron star or, for even higher-mass stars, a black hole. If only the outmost part of the supergiant explodes (4), a nova forms.The DOST-SEI has laid the groundwork for a Philippine Space Education Program in the country following a designation by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationParis to act as focal point for its space-education program and related activities in the Philippines. It aims to promote science and technology, particularly space science, to Filipino students. The PSEP also seeks to engage the Filipinos in the exploration of space science and technology and the process of science in various disciplines in an effort to create an ameliorate public and o generate future space science explorers. Likewise, the PSEP aims to create awareness among the students in career opportunities in the various fields of science and engineer including space science that would raise standards and address skill shortages towards national development. It also aspires to establish linkages and partnership with space organizations and institutions for possible assistance and collaboration in space science education programs and projects. (DOST-SEI) DOST CALABARZON Jamboree Road, Timugan Los Banos, Laguna 4030 STAMP 2

Photography History in the News Essay

Over two centuries, civilizations have used print media to spread news and information to the masses. During a period of time around 59 B.C the Roman Acta Diurna, is the earliest recorded newspaper. Julius Caesar, wanting to inform the public about important social and political happenings, ordered upcoming events posted in major cities. Written on large white boards and displayed in popular places like the Baths, the Acta kept citizens informed about government scandals, military campaigns, trials and executions. In eighth century China, the first newspapers appeared as hand-written newssheets in Beijing.In the year 1969 extraordinary activity in the exhibition field vied with the introduction of new products and it called as photographic year. The years largest display both of products and pictures was held at the nine-day Photo Expo 69, which filled all four exhibition floors of the tender York Coliseum and drew a total of nearly 100,000 visitors. More than 3,000 black-and-white and color photographs by amateurs and professionals were displayed, and individual exhibits covered space photography and other specialized fields. Supplementing the print shows were a itemise of temporary theaters for slides and movies which reflected the newest ideas in the presentation of these media.Among other shows that attracted attention and drew visitors was 600 Faces by Beaton, 1928-1969, originally exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London and shown in the United States at the Museum of the City of New York. It was the largest one-man show (and the only one-man show of British photographer and designer Cecil Beaton) ever held in New York, and it contained portraits of m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the outstanding personalities of the past four decades.Later on, photojournalism was introduced to accompany the written information, because photojournalism has unique power to fix events, places and human in our collective history. But in the lead we move on further, let us try to determine first what is photograph? A photograph is a picture produce through the chemical action of light on sensitive film. It is a medium of recording reality that is iconic as well as indexical. Although a photograph resembles or imitates something, making it iconic, it achieves this through the use of light from the subject, therefore making it less arbitrary. However, a photograph is a representation of a particular moment and placement in time. Barthes expressed his view that a newspaper photograph is, an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms which are so many factors of connotation.(cited in Bagnell, 1977 p.98).Traveling photographic exhibits visited many cities in the United States, Canada, and Latin America during the year. Among the exhibits sponsored by the George Eastman House, the museum of photography at Rochester, N.Y., were Contemporary Photographer s, a multipart exhibition a retrospective of the work of Eugne Atget, a French photographer active in the early part of the century and Photography in the Twentieth Century. The Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, D.C., sent out several traveling shows, which included AustraliaThe Sunburnt Country, The Color of Man, The Concerned Photographer, and Laos.The technological revolution of today is creating new challenges and opportunities for traditional media. Today books, newspapers, magazines and any other forms of media is really using photograph to illustrate or to picture out the of they mean in their written information.Literature CitedNewspaper the autobiography.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperHistory

Biology 1202 Notes

Thursday January 17 Mastering biology course id=MBPOLLACK01639 Life first appeared on earth rough 4 billion years ago Origin of life is a hypothesis not a theory Very short(p) oxygen in early earths atmosphere Spontaneous generation of life- random sortation of life Millions of species on earth, up to 100 million the expirement of miller and urey showed what? taste question a few centuries ago eople thought that new invigoration things appeared all of the m(spontaneous generation of life) ex mold growing on food in the mid 1800s Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life he basically left something out but sealed it off and nothing grew on it, thus he left it out without being sealed and stuff grew the cell theory- all existing cells come from pre-existing cells about 50 trillion cells watch up the human body but all came from the single diploid cell formed from conception conditions on early earth tmosphere- similar to Jupiter immediately, no free ox ygen, frequent storms with lots of lightning, volcano eruptions, meteor impacts, UV light from the sun, no ozone layer earth before life aroseabout 4. 6 billion years old, known because of radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks life arose about 3. 8 billion years ago, known because of chemical traces in the rocks, fossilized bacteria was ground in rocks 3. 5 billion years ago no spontaneous generation now but must have happened then how to assemble a living thing accumulation of organic molecules atalyze reactions re start out from stored genetic info separate the living thing from the outside environment 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya proteins are needful to synthesize more DNA DNA is used to synthesize RNA which is used to make proteinDNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, especially those gnarly in synthesis and processing of RNA itself Conclusion- earliest cells used RNA to store info Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Th ursday January 24th Our species has been here for about 200,000 years PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONTheory- general explanation of natural phenomena, developed through extensive and reproducible observations Hypothesis- tentative explanation of observations, educated guess The origin of species was a discussion published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Main points of book Evolution occurs in worlds, not individuals Natural alternative is the mechanism Observation 1-living things tend to reproduce as quickly as possible. Observation 2-constant population size over time (carrying capacity) Inference- competition for survival differential reproductive success I dont like dogs.They all smell like dogs and poop on my lawn variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural selection, organisms best suited to an environment leave the most(prenominal) upshot evolution- the genetic makeup of a population changes over time, driven by natural selection evolution- a change in the alle le oftenness of a population over time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologic structures suggest common ancestry some homologous structures look different today because of divergent evolution 300 million years ago is when we started to see the type of mammalian limbs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent evolution analogous structure do NOT suggest common ancestry similar environmental forces select for similar structures in unrelated organisms vestigial structures- rudimentary form of and organ more fully formed in ancestor evolutionary baggage vestigial structures are a type of homologous structureWHAT IS DARWINS POINT ON EAR? ON TESTDevelopmental biology- the biology of studying organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN VIDEO All living things have DNA and transcribe it into RNA using amino acids Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics etc. Know 3 types of natural selection 1. irectional selection 2. stabilizing selection 3. disru ptive selection 1/31/13 evolution of populations GregorMendel- monk who did pea expirements and shed light on the rules of inheritance He worked at the akin time as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th century The modern synthesis(early 1940s) a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian evolution, mendelian inheritance, and modern population genetics Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of a population owing to a situation on heritable variation among pheneotypes that changes the genotypical constitution of the population Phenotype- all expressed traits of an organismGenotype- the entire genetic makeup of an individual Evolution-a change in allele relative frequency in a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examines the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population will remain constant unless act ed upon by non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under strict mendelian inheritance, allele frequencies would remain constant from on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If there is no change in allele frequency there is no evolution Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce viable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one anotherSpeciation- the process by which new species form EXAM 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive isolation of populations(gene flow significantly reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Tuesday feb 5 Convergent evolution- no common ancestor with that trait, similar environmental things caused the same evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but over time the trait changes Proto means before External barriersSkin-physical barrier to microbial entry, inhospitable environment for growth dry, defunct cells at surface sweat/ oleaginous glands secreting acids and natural antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory and digestive tracts well-defined secretions have antibacterial enzymes Cilia-line the inside of trachea epithelial cells-smokers cough is from lack of cilia deport if microbes are swallowed, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes unload them Lines of defenseNonspecififc internal defense Phagocytosis cells white blood cells in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape,destroy microbes by phagocytosis-search out bacteria, viral particles, cellular debris-produced in trick up marrow. Tar digest stuff that is not in your cells **questions about lymphatic system on exam natural killer cells- white blood cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching hole in them inflammatory response- caused by large scale microbial invasion through a wound istamine released in response to damage which leads to an increased blood flow at and arou nd the wound in order to wash out the wound. Which leads to light other chemicals- macrophages blood clotting fever= response to microbes establishing major infection. Low grade fever 100-102 can be beneficial slows down microbial gentility enhances tolerant system immune response- reaction to specific type of microbe and provides future protection.Involves 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cells B cells mature in bone marrow T cells are born in marrow but mature in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is same as B cells its called specific immune response because only the cell with the appropriate antibody reacts 23,00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ones that can make hydrosulfide bridges most proteins form well with other proteins an antibody is made of four different types of proteins so it takes 4 specific proteins for it to react? Immune system distinguishes self from non self by destroying cells that respond to the bod ys own molecules Body randomly makes 100,000,000 different antibodies antigen can withstand to 1 specific antibody epitope- the three different site where antibodies can bind on a single antigen allergies type of immune response allergen-recognized as a foreign antigen and binds to B cell coordinated by the humoral immunity response B cell makes plasma cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstreamAntibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue Cells release histamine causing inflammatory response such as mucus 1. irst exposure to pollen stimulates B cells to produce allergy plasma cell 2. plasma cells produce allergy antibodies 3. allergy antibodies bind to mast cells 4. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen screen to allergy antibodies on mast cells 5. binding f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy medication antihistamines others inhibit production of histamine producing cells people wi thout allergies lack genes for allergy-causing antibodies, or produce less of the antibody ormation of a pimple acne develops as a result of blockages In follicles formation of a plug or keratin and sebum(made of fat and the debris of dead fat-producing cells) the natural occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white blood cells build up(forming a whitehead) and then destroy (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection complainer pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very different after you have had the chicken pox, you become immune to the virus.It is impossible that you may have a slight reaction after re-exposure, such as a few spots and a slight fever. However, you will not get a full blown case of chicken pox more than once shingles causing agent for herpes herpes zoster virus is varicella zoster virus, a double stranded DNA virus most people are infected with this virus as children, and suffer from an episode of chickenpox the immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord or the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull

Ban Zhao and Lessons for Women Essay

_Nu-jie,_ translated as _Lessons for Women,_ by proscription Zhao is a famous Chinese literacy induce approximately women, her virtues and her roles. shun Zhao was the inaugural known fe anthropoid Chinese historian and poet. She was a renowned scholar under(a) the Han dynasty and overly a major contri stillor to the creation of star of the best-known history book ever written called _Han Shu,_ which is translated to _Book of Han.The Han dynasty is con steadred the most important time in the grand history of chinaware. Many scholars flip regarded the Han dynastys reign as the Golden Age of Chinese history but not only that, the Chinese empire under the Han dynasty rose to the forefront of the world along side with the Romans, Parthians and Khushans as the four great societies in quaint time. It was a time of transitioning in mainland China as there were constant developments in many social and cultural departments such as literature, science, art and industry. The Han dyna sty also followed the ideals of Confucianism, which were reflected through politics as the government not only appointed talented men but also already capable men who were determined to improve. Confucianism quickly became the official ideology of the great nation.The Han dynastys reign also marked the transformation of Chinas literacy and intellectual history. Confucianism had already had a big impact on the Chinese culture and on the lives of the Chinese as well. Its principles also benefited the intellectuals under the Hans reign. The antediluvian patriarch Chinese had invented paper and also meditateed to how devise the lunar calendar. Literature and philosophies also reached new heights as information was being veritable which was do possible by the evolution of a common language. It was also during this time that inhibition Zhaos father, Ban Biao, started his work on the book _Han Shu_ as he was determined to record the history of this time period.Ban Zhao was born in 45 C.E. and she was a daughter in an elite family, who had connections to the imperial court, under the Han dynasty. She was educated and often tutored by her own mother. By the mere age of 14, Ban Zhao had married Cao Shou who was also from her town of birth. However, Cao Shous death in later years left Ban Zhao with the responsibilities of raising children on her own. She then devoted her life to literacy which led to the formation of the tradition of historical writings in China. Ban Zhao left her hometown for the capital with her mother and her brother, Ban Gu, as he became the designated historian and editor of _Han Shu_. Many scholars believe that Ban Zhao had already assisted her brother and contributed her efforts to the work of _Han Shu_ at that time. Due to the devotion in her own work and the Chinese tradition, Ban Zhao never remarried. However, that led to the significant full in her career as a historian and a writer when her most famous work, _Lessons for Women_, inte rpretd her effort of applying the principles of Confucianism to the lives of women._Lessons for Women_ was originally Ban Zhaos teachings for her daughters onhow to be a proper women. She mean the book to serve not only as lessons but also as a guideline for her daughters. She wanted them to manage themselves accordingly and be pay the look a proper woman would. Be that as it may, the book identified itself with a much larger audience as it later became the referenced development manual for women who were striving for the ideals of Confucianism and who were to be a wife. _Lessons for Women_ emphasized the importance of the women way of life.Let a woman modestly yield to others allow her respect others let her put others first, her last Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties let her not dread tasks by mean solar day or by night Let a woman be correct in manner and skilful in character in say to serve her keep up let her love not gossip and silly gag let her cleanse and purify and arrange in order the drink and the food for the offerings to the ancestors. (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.)._Lessons for Women_ also talked intimately the qualities of a proper woman, the qualifications of becoming one and advised women on their conducts in the home of the husband or the husbands family. According to Ban Zhao, a woman ought to have four qualifications 1. Womanly virtue 2. Womanly words 3. Womanly bearing, and 4. Womanly work. (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.).Ban Zhao also emphasized the importance of the roles husband and wife in the family. She said that the way of husband and wife is intimately connected with Yin and Yang (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.) . She then explained that if either of the roles were to prove unworthy of one another, then the proper relationship between men and women and the natural order of things are neglected and destroyed. (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.) Because of Ban Zhaos strong beliefs in Confucianism and its principles, she often talked about how women must try to improve themselves, especially intellectually.Ban Zhao encouraged the principle of wanting to educate oneself as she urged that women should improve themselves through education. She indicated that literacy was important for both the wife and the husband in order to accomplish their roles in the family effectively. The book also put emphasis on the importance of women behaving as submissive which symbolizedthe social roles of women in a Confucian society. Confucius himself said little about women which reflected the limited importance of women in ancient Chinese culture and society. But it was Confucianisms principles that proved to be one of the driving forces that led to the belief that women could get educated, and in conclusion infract themselves.As stated prevously, Ban Zhao originally intended _Lessons of Women_ as lessons for her daughters. Because of that, the book focused on how young women should behave before, during and aft er marriage. Ban Zhao talked about how young girls should keep her virtues, follow the customs and respect the values in order to obtain a proper woman. She further expanded her definition of the way women should live their lives. When Ban Zhao mentioned, Let a woman modestly yield to others (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.), she also added that if a woman was to follow all those morals, she may humble herself before others.Right after that, Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.) talked about how a woman would become industrious if she follows all these practices. And finally, Let a woman be correct in manner and upright in character (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.) explained the principles of ancestral worshiping. Ban Zhao then demanded equality in education she said that if a relationship in marriage is to exist in harmony, the relationship between wife and husband should be proper and they should know their places so they can function effective ly. In order to achieve this, Ban Zhao was postulation questions about why women were not getting the same education that the men were able to, Yet only to teach men and not teach women is that not ignoring the essential relation between them? Only why should it not be that girls education as well as boys (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.).Ban Zhao then added further explanations about her defined women qualifications. For womanly virtue, a woman has to guard her chastity carefully and to model each act on the best usage (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.). According to Ban Zhao, a woman does not have to have brilliant and exceptional compared to others to achieve womanly virtue, it is about the ways a woman takes care herself and how she conducts her actions that symbolize her virtues. For womanly words, a woman has to choose her wordswith care to avoid vulgar language and nor to wear others with much conversation (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.). Ban Zhao thought that a woman does not have to engag e in conversations all the time, should not use vulgar language and must choose an appropriate response to conciliate herself. For womanly bearing, a woman has to keep clothes and ornaments fresh and clean and to keep the person free from disgraceful filth. (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.).Ban Zhao was saying that a woman does not have to be pretty nor does not need a perfect face to present herself, it is about the ways how she keeps her clothes appropriate in terms of appearance and how she takes care herself to achieve womanly bearing. Finally, womanly work means whole-hearted devotion, to love not gossip or silly laughter in cleanliness and order to prepare for the serving guests (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.). Ban Zhao said that to achieve womanly work, a woman does not need to be skillfully better than everyone else but to learn her responsibilities and do them effectively. These four qualifications are what would make a proper woman, according to Ban Zhao. However being a woman, pro per or not, did not hold a high regards in the culture of ancient China.The primary aspect of a womans life in ancient China was to be a wife and continue the bloodline of the husband. They were viewed as objects which its purpose is to produce offspring, and in such a patriarchal culture male offspring was always preferred. A woman was expected to stick by her husband and conduct her actions in manners that would be deemed as appropriate by her husband or his family. Anything else would cause disharmony and thus brought embarrassment to not only herself but also to both families as well. Ban Zhao urged women to get an education so they can serve their families, especially their husband, more efficiently and in a better manner overall.According to Ban Zhao, Let a woman not act contrary to the wishes and the opinions of parents-in-law about right and wrong let her not dispute with them what is straight and what is crooked. Such docilitycalled obedience. (Ban Zhao, ca. 80-106 C.E.)._L esson for Women_ served as a guideline for women to learn the proper ways of being a woman in order to better themselves and their status in thesocial rankings. It, however, also emphasized the importance of women acute their roles and duties in the family well and because of that, family must always be their priority which they must always give implicit obedience to. If they were to follow Ban Zhaos regard practices, they would not bring embarrassment nor disgrace to the families. This book presented practices that were idealized by an educated ancient Chinese woman. Despite the correct descriptions of the situation many women go about during ancient China, _Lessons for Women_ did not mention the fact that not many women had the opportunities to earn an education like Ban Zhao had and their chances in life were very limited compared to Ban Zhao.Most of the women were not born in a privileged or prestigious family like Ban Zhaos and the Confucian culture, practiced by the Han dyn asty, force women into the little and limited roles. According to the book, Ban Zhao wanted women to educate and better themselves for both their social ranking and their family matters. However, Ban Zhao also acknowledged their culture at the time and often urged women to be submissive to both the husband and his family. She also noted that the opinions of the women and what they thought was right or wrong may differ from their husbands but they must sacrifice their personal opinions and not cause disharmony.After analyzing the book, I have learned that there were certain ways that women could have improved themselves intellectually speaking but because of their culture, it did not improve their social rankings nor had any great influence on the society at the time. It also made me realize that women have had to come a long way to become respectable in the society. The book also emphasized the patriarchal society that ancient China and one can see the lasting impact it has had on the culture of China even to todays day and age. China have always favored its sons more than its daughters and it has been this way since the ancient time of the Han dynasty. It was not until 2013 when the son-preferred tradition began to gradually decline as the great gender imbalance in China started to balance out.One of the reason that the younger generations have attributed to the decline in the gender-cide is the opportunities at higher level education. As Ban Zhao had stated in _Lessons for Women,_ education is an important, if not the most important, factor for women to improve themselves. _Lessons for Women_served as a great guideline for women who wanted to be a proper woman and eventually improve themselves as human beings. Ban Zhao talked about what a young girl needed to do and how she should behave to be considered as a woman. However, it should also be mentioned that Ban Zhao was born in a prestigious family during the Han dynasty and whose ties were connected with h igh ranking officials. Her family was wealthy enough to afford her an education which was a sumptuosity that not many Chinese could have afforded at the time, let alone the Chinese women. Be that as it may, _Lessons for Women_ served its intended purpose and more as many women initiated the first steps of improving their statuses in both their household and their society.ReferencesLee, Yuen T. (n.d.). Ban Zhao Scholar of Han Dynasty China. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http//worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/9.1/lee.htmlHasall, P. (Ed.). (n.d.). Ban Zhao Lessons for a Woman. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http//acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/phalsall/texts/banzhao.htmlNancy Lee Swann, trans., Pan Chao Foremost Women Scholar of China (New York Century, 1932), 82-90.Strayer, R. (2013). Ways of the World A Brief Global History with Sources (2nd ed.). Boston/New York Bedford/St. Martins.Larson, C. (2014, July 31). In China, More Girls Are on the Way. Retrieved October 5, 2014, fr om http//www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-31/chinas-girl-births-ratio-improves-as-coun try-gets-more-educated

Religion And Confession Essay

a. Define your study in a relatively brief paragraph.The affair I chose is exculpation. acknowledgment is a basic part of living a spiritual life. For some cultures and organized religion, confession is a physical act of going to the non-Christian priest, telling the priest your sins and asking sincerest repentance. One cannot partake of the Feast of the sacred Eucharist without confession because confession clears ones conscience, is the way of receiving the Lords grace.Confession is the popular name for the Christian Sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation recognized by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches. The rite consists in the acknowledgment of sins to a priest, who grants absolution in the name of beau ideal. Its biblical basis is found in the action of messiah yield sins (Mark 2) and his commissioning of the Apostles to forgive sins (John 2022-23). (Favazza, 1982)b. How does the experience of guilt relate to or inform your topic? transgression directly relates to confession. Confession is the act of asking grace. Others are burdened with the issue of telling ones sins to a priest who is only sympathetic at one end. But more than going by means of the complications of the process, one cannot go to confession allow foringly if one cannot first accept his guilt of sins that he committed. on that point is actually a part in the process of confession when one stipulates the sins that one is guilty of.Confession lets a person open himself to the Lord. Keep your wants, your joys, your sorrow, your cares, and your fears before God. You cannot burden Him you cannot weary Him. He who numbers the hairs of your leave is not indifferent to the want of His children. (White, p. 101). When the act of letting go of all the fears, desires and wants of a person is overly the act of unburdening ones self to his sins. Only when a man is empty of sins can the mania of God enter his heart.The more holy a man is, the more humble, self-renouncing, selfabhor ring, and the more sensitive to both sin he becomes, and the more closely he clings to Christ. The moral im nonsuchs which cling to him he feels to be sins, which he laments and strives to overcome. Believers find that their life is a constant warfare, and they need to take the kingdom of heaven by storm, and remain while they pray. (Easton, 2006)c. What is the traffichip of your topic to the experience of justification by faith Gods forgiveness and reconciling acceptance?Confession is a process institutionalized by God to show how forgiveness works. Through confession, one can experience repentance, forgiveness, reconciliation with the faith once once again and the joy of imprint accepted by Gods love once more. A sinner who repents and asks forgiveness of his sins that he is guilty of is ready to accept the penalties of his sins. The kind of penalty bestowed upon a remorseful soul shows the kind of jurist that faith exemplifies. No amour compares to the experience of confessi on when a man is transformed from evil to good, from sinner to follower.Confession of sin is also emphasized in the NT (Matt. 36 Mark 15), and with it is connected the foreknow of forgiveness of sins (I John 19 cf. Matt. 612), a forgiveness which is based only if on the closing of Christ (Eph. 17) (Quanbeck, 1968.)The death of Christ was able to save human souls from eternal damnation to salvation. His dying on the cross was proof of Gods love to save human souls from sins. Without the death of Jesus, forgiveness will not be made manifest. The path of confessions is part of the path towards salvation. Part of Jesus seven last words, Father, forgive them for they know not what they do, exemplifies the absoluteness of forgiveness and the love of God to his people.d. In what way does your topic contribute to or inform pay backth in Christian character and gain (commonly called sanctification and victory over sin)?Confession is a part of growing into a full Christian. Human beings will sin against the Lord as he walks the Path. Confession sharpens ones Christian character because by confessions, a person learns what and how forgiveness is. When people go to confession, the advocacy itself informs other people about how Christians grow in the love of God.Through confession, people can allow themselves to be one with God again through the set apart Spirit. Sanctification involves more than a mere moral reformation of character, brought about by the king of the truth it is the work of the Blessed Spirit bringing the whole nature more and more downstairs the influences of the new gracious principles implanted in the soul in regeneration. In other words, sanctification is the carrying on to perfection the work begun in regeneration, and it extends to the whole man (Rom. 613 2 Cor. 46 Col. 310 1 John 47 1 Cor. 619). It is the special office of the Holy Spirit in the plan of redemption to carry on this work (1 Cor. 6 11 2 Thess. 213).The Apostles Creed mentions the basic principle that sanctifies confession in, I believe in the Holy Ghost the holy catholic Church the communion of saints the forgiveness of sins the resurrection of the body and the life everlasting. The Church of God is developed by sinners who have gone back, believed in the forgiveness of sins that is why confessions are important in reminding people of the faith. And so even the most hideous crime and guilt, if confessed with sincerest repentance, has the hope to be forgiven.e. How can your topic help one to know and understand God person-to-personly?The ordinary man would not actually know how sorry a sinner is. Sincerety can be seen in gestures but this is not sufficient when its a case when one asks forgiveness. People may have an idea how sincere the alibi is but in the case of murder in the first degree, at the moment before percentage death sentences, at that moment, confession is but a process between you and the Lord.The personal relationship of a person and God is a very special one. The act of confession is a venue where that personal relationship can start and can be kept. This keeping will have great make towards advocating the sanctity of that kind of relations so that others may be able to have that special relations with God. If Christians would associate together, speaking to each other of the love of God and of the precious truths of redemption, their own hearts would be refreshed and they would refresh one another. (White. p 103)f. What are the social consequences of your topic? In other words, how does your topic affect or inform your relationship to other persons in your life?Confessions better a person. A person who understands and believes in the concept of confessions believes in concepts of forgiveness, repentance, salvation and above all, humility. Amidst the many challenges expected of modern man, the place of confessions will enable a person to keep his morals intact and act ethically in life.Much of evil ways happ en because man has forgotten that his life, his body and the resources around him are not his own. They are essentially gifts from God. Abuse of these gifts happen because man thinks he is on top of the food chain, doctor predator of all things on earth. When a person forgets that there is a higher being than him, he is corrupted. Confession will be an insitution that will remind that the sinful man is a given thing on earth but due to Gods almighty love, God forgives the sincerely repentful human being thereby giving him another chance to enter the kingdom of heaven.BibliographyFavazza, Joseph, The Order of Penitents (1988) Martos, Joseph, Doors to the Sacred (1982).Holy Bible. Crossway Books Compact reading (April 2005)W.A. Quanbeck, IDB,I,667-68 R.H. Alexander, TWOT,I, 364-66 O. Michel, TDNT,V, 199-219 V.C. Grounds, ZPEB,I, 937-39.White, Ellen. Steps to Jesus. Adventist Book Center New Jersey Booklet edition (January 1998)

Microelectronics Reliability Essay

AbstractionMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems or laconic MEMS, is a technology that is basically a combination of electro- machinelike stuffs and mechanical technology at a micro calib localized table. The engineering science used for fiction is derived from the IC fiction procedures and typically ranges from genius micrometer to several millimetres. The MEMS engineering finds its utilization in respective(a) applications where for case, micro detectors and/or micro actuators atomic number 18 needed. As its name suggests, MEMS wid deals argon basically mechanical devices that give the gate dwell of m rarity sepa pose or a combination of molded and locomotion parts. However this besides gives rise to justness issues due to both electric as mechanical issues 2 s.a. stuff weariness, stiction, dazes etc. The dependableness can be greatly enhanced 1 spin outing the engineering can be suited for usage in risque terminal applications. The end of this essay is to present an d familiarise the reader to an extent with the operation and the dependability issues of a MEMS accelerometer. First the operative of a MEMS accelerometer leave behind be covered after which its dependability bequeath be considered. Here assorted dependability issues pass on be considered after which..some.solutions will be given on how to cover with..some..of..the dependability issues. Finally a decision will be drawn if the presented solution.solutions.. are developing the dependability.IntroductionMEMS engineering devices have naturalized a repute over the grizzly ages as capable detector and actuator devices doing assorted information garnering techniques possible. The engineering enables applications to garner information from the environment in assorted spheres simply to change over them to the electrical sphere. side by side(p) to the electrical sphere, the detectors can be fabricated to observe mechanical, thermic, chemical, magnetic and optical signals.Give some m ore(prenominal) illustrations about the usage and demo some images etc. particularly mention the usage in self-propelling industryOne noteworthy illustration that possibly talk easy to the head is the usage of MEMS detectors in the modern smartphones. The detector enables the phone to observe up from down for assorted maps s.a. exchanging to a larger screen, GPS applications and enlivened characteristics where the phone detects the tilting for playing some games. physique ..shows the usage of accelerometers germinating over the old ages. 4 As the write in code points out, the MEMS accelerometer had made its first visual aspect as a clang detector in an airbag. From at that shopping mall it evolved to be used even in playthings where it needs to be inexpensive and is produced in a high volume.However an application in toys doesnt need to be extremely dependable unlike the usage in application for automotive terminals s.a. the airbag where a life can be saved depending on the res pectable operation of the detector.1. MEMS accelerometerBasic operation fingers breadthsshows a basic MEMS capacitive accelerometer. 4 .The MEMS detector shown uses ii root bases machine-accessible to the cardinal number mass w.r.t the dogged home bases as differential capacitors. The electrical subject is given byThe two home bases attached to the cardinal mass signifier series electrical capacities with the fixed home bases. When in that respect is acceleration the mass will travel in the positive or contradict way depending on the motion. This in bend will ensue in positive or oppose electrical capacity and depending on the distance the capacitances are smaller or larger. Thus for positive motion one capacitance will increase positively epoch the other will increase negatively, or frailty versa for negative motion. When there is no acceleration the movable mass will be back at its place due to the snap belongingss of Si which consequences in a place equidistance betwe en each outer plates. This will ensue in zero electromotive force on the cardinal home base as the electrical capacity on each side are equal ( except for the sine ) . This is because the outer home bases can be driven with a square travel ridge with the coveted frequence so that one home base sees a positive signal while the other sees a negative signal, and frailty versa. For positive motion the end product square moving ridge is in interpret with the input signal resulting in a greater magnitude when demodulated. For negative motion this is the antonym.The described device has merely two outer home bases which means that the sensitiveness will be low. To increase the sensitiveness the figure off traveling fingers ( outer plates ) must be change magnitude 1 .However all(prenominal) bit will be shown in the text edition, the more moving parts in the accelerometer the higher the casualty of misluck.2. Common MEMS blow mechanismsAlthough the MEMS engineering has proved its worth, there are many also-ran mechanisms that need to be considered when planing to hold a qualitative intersection at the terminal of the processing. Table 6 summarizes the common trouble mechanisms of MEMS devicesFailureCauseMechanical FractureOverload, daze Corrosion FatigueStiction train der Waals force Capillary force Chemical bonding Electrostatic charging Residual fiercenessCharge accretionElectric emphasis Radiation Improper handlingWearAdhesion Abrasion Corrosion Surface wearinessCreep and wearinessIntrinsic emphasis Applied emphasis Thermal emphasisElectric short and unfastenedDielectric stuff debasement ESD, high electric field Electromigration OxidationContaminationIntrinsic ( e.g. , crystal growing ) Manufacturing-induced Usage environment-inducedAs the accelerometer is considered as the case survey, merely some of the failure mechanisms are of involvement. The most of import failure mechanisms are Mechanical breaks. next to that stiction is b esides of import as the accelerometer contains traveling parts. In ulterior subdivisions some solutions will be presented on how to check some of the failure mechanisms.Mechanical fracturesMechanical break is the most common failure manner and largely is a consequence of Shocks. Dazes are fundamentally sudden accelerations. While usually an accelerometer operates under conditions merely holding to cover low g-shocks s.a. in consumer electronics, auto clang detectors need to defy oft more than that to be dependable. Apart from dazes the mechanical failure manner can besides be a consequence of in-use-stiction as a consequence of suspended parts doing contact that under normal conditions doesnt occur. The latter will be shows in the following subdivision.Reducing mechanical breaksTo better the MEMS accelerometer assorted methods can be used. One commonly used method is to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass by implementing a stopper. Figure..shows an execution of the latter. 7 The T-shaped construction is the stopper. By implementing the stopper, the break of the back uping beams can be avoided as the supreme emphasis on the beams given by the snap is non exceeded. Following to restricting the emphasis it besides prevents the in-use-stiction as the moving parts are prevented from doing contact with the fixed parts...fatigue..shocks..StictionStiction is one of the most common failure mechanisms in MEMS and occurs where suspended constructions are used ( traveling parts ) . When different parts s.a. the fixed fingers in the accelerometer devise contact, these can stay affiliated to one another. Figure . 6 shows some illustrations of sidelong or/and upright stiction.Fig Examples of assorted stiction ( a ) no stiction ( B ) merely sidelong stiction and ( degree Celsius ) lateral and right stiction 6 .The stiction occurs peculiarly in micromachined constructions where the surface country to volume ratio is big ensuing in a typically little stiffness of reconstructing springs. The stiction can hold assorted causes and most of these can be due to processing, elevated RH degrees and dazes. The adhesion occurs either due to van der Waals, electrostatic forces ( trapped burthen ) , capillary forces or a combination of these 7 .Reducing stictionAs the failure mechanisms of MEMS devices are progressively researched, many slipway have been proposed to cut down stiction. Some of these whereModifying the structural stiffnessDesign of the traveling parts with higher stiffness to get the better of the stiction forceSurface chemical scienceUsing hydrophobic surfaces to forestall H2O from coming into contact with the MEMS structures as H2O causes capillary force and hence stiction 6 . Alternatively a hermetic waterproofing can be usedRough surfacesRough surfaces reduces the Van der Waals force and with that the stictionImplementing a stopper to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass ( see old subdivision )Anti stic tion coating3. DependabilityDefinition of the dependabilityBefore discoursing the dependability of an accelerometer, the definition of dependability must be considered. Reliability is defined as the chance of a certain merchandise to execute harmonizing to its specifications within typical operating conditions for the expected life-time 2 .The reflection for this is given byAs for the failure rate, which is defined as the ratio of the full(a) figure of failures to the entire operating clip 1 . Thus ?For measuring the dependability there are several pattern a priori accounts that can be used, viz.The exponential dependability distributionThe binomial dependability distributionThe Poisson dependability distributionWeibull dependability distributionIn this text the exponential signifier is used for the dependability analysis as its less complex than other lifespan distribution theoretical accounts. Then the dependability is given byIn world the failure rate is besides a map of clip. The failure rate ( as a map of clip ) follows the demeanour of a bathing tub curve 1 . 2 The babe mortality part is caused by merchandise defects and perchance besides by cognize how restrictions like when proving paradigms 2 , as for the wear-out part, this is merely as its name suggests.Here the chance of no failure before clip T is given by 9 When ciphering the failure rate for increasing smaller intervals of clip, the jeopardy rate H ( T ) is obtained, withHowever, because we are sing the exponential failure distribution, the jeopardy rate will be changeless and equal to the failure rate. Here we can see merely the utile clip from the bathing tub curve, that is, most infant mortality failures ( with ruinous defects ) can be filtered out during fabricating trials 1 . This means that we can see the failure rate to be more changeless and therefore the instantaneous jeopardy rate H ( T ) is merely the failure rate.4. Dependability of a capacitive accelerometerAs was tell in the Introduction subdivision, the capacitive accelerometer will be used for the chance analysis since its widely used and needs to be dependable adequate particularly in life endangering state of affairss s.a. auto clangs. The structural diagram of an accelerometer with 2N-fingers is shown in Figure . 8 Here the accelerometer consists of fixed and movable parts which all demand to be fault-free. The accelerometer consists of 4 fundament tackles, 4 back uping beams, 2N-fixed fingers, one movable cardinal mass and N-movable fingers attached to the cardinal mass. As stated before, utilizing more fingers increases the sensitiveness of the accelerometer.Here the system can be considered as a series theoretical account 1 because if any of the constituents fail, the whole system fails.For simpleness, the fixed parts can be considered holding perfect dependability as most defects are filtered out during the fabricating trial while the traveling parts can hold a higher dependabil ity of failure. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers )thusly the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given byAs can be noted, there is a trade-off between the sensitiveness and the failure rate as both are dependent on n-fingers. As the figure of fingers can be increased to better the sensitiveness, this will convey the dependability down.5. General solutionAs discussed antecedently the mechanical break and stiction are thermoset of import failure mechanisms. Here it was shows how to cut down these failures and hence besides the dependability.However if the device fails in any event so its considered useless. Unfortunately this can hold serious effects if its used in airbag systems and therefore the dependability still needs to be higher. To make this a more general labialize can be used. This attack makes usage of spare parts . If the accelerometer is broken up into smaller faculties connected together with some excess faculties, the latter can be used to replace the wrong(p) faculties. As the faculties can be connected to some circuitry that would feel if the moving parts are faulty, a faulty faculty can be excluded and replaced by a excess one and this procedure is repeated until the redundant parts are used for replacing. This method is known as BISR ( built in self fix ) . Figure..illustrates this. .Here the k-out-of-n redundancy theoretical account can be used for the analysis 1 . The k-out-of-n system consists out of n-modules, withK-modules non-faulty to guarantee the right operation of the MEMS system.When utilizing such a system, until all the excess faculties are used and at least one faculty from the tribal chief device is faulty at the clip, so the system can no longer map decently. This means that the system, unlike when merely one chief faculty is used, is a parallel system. Figure.illustrates this...As the figure shows a 3-out-4 system is assumed. tic k that merely the moving parts are considered. Thats similar to the one-module device we can concentrate on the moving parts merely as these cut down the dependability at higher rate than the fixed parts.Again the dependability of one faculty can be done similar as for the one faculty device antecedently discussed in text. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers )Therefore the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given byNotice that unlike earlier, the failure rate is reduced as the figure of traveling fingers are increased for better sensitiveness. This means that the trade-off that had to be made earlier is non made any more and a much better dependability is obtained.The entire dependability of a system is given 1 byWhere m is the excess faculty. Therefore in this instance the dependability is given byInserting the exponential signifier of the dependability for a facultyHowever, utilizing this m ethod besides increases the usage of the figure of back uping beams which in bend reduces the dependability. scarcely in the visible radiation of the improved dependability by utilizing the BISR attack, the overall dependability increases more than is decreases 1 doing this method really utile.DecisionMEMS have proven to be rather utile. However like any merchandise dependability issues can originate. The dependability of MEMS in toys doesnt need to be all that high while for applications in automotive this needs to be really dependable as a unrecorded can depend on it when used in airbag systems. It has been shown that first its best to see the failure mechanisms and to better these which makes a longer lifetime possible. To better the dependability even further the BISR attack can be considered.From this it shows that the dependability can be really high and in the hereafter this attack might be considered to better other types of MEMS detectors.Mentions 1 X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, Reliability analysis of self-repairable MEMS accelerometer, in Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and interruption Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT 06 ) , pp. 236244, October 2006 2 Jacopo Iannacci, Reliability of MEMS A position on failure mechanisms, betterment solutions and best patterns at development level , Center for Materials and Microsystems CMM, Fondazione Bruno Kessler FBK, Via Sommarive, 18, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy, accepted 2014 3 Frank CHoLLET, Haobing LIUA ( non so ) short direction to MEMS , Creative Commons, version 5.1, 2013 4 Michael Kraft, Neil M. White MEMS for automotive and aerospace applications , Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 2013 5 X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, Material weariness and dependability of MEMS accelerometers, in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT 08 ) , pp. 314322, October 2008 6 Ynhan Huang et Al. MEMS Reliability Rev iew , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEVICE AND MATERIALS RELIABILITY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, JUNE 2012 7 Allyson L. Hartzell, et Al. MEMS Reliability , Springer, New York, 2011 8 hypertext transfer protocol //www.fandroides.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/8930-62341-How-does-smart-phone-accelerometer-work.png 9 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_rate