Gender Politics and Roles in a Horror Film Essay

Gender politics in horror films are not all that difficult to comprehend mainly because they devise a specific role for the various genders. That is the gender politics are little more than a variant on class roles in society. In fact, even an individual who has a passing interest in horror films can see that the heroes and villains are male and the victims are predominantly women. This is the common, tried and true cliched method of â€Å"cranking out† horror movies on an assembly line basis. There are, of course, some excellent horror films that alter the generic methodology of producing horror films that prescribe to a single minded of opinions of what are the â€Å"proper† gender roles that are found in horror movies. Often, we see men as the hero and women as either the victim or the hero. In reality, when it comes to gender roles in horror films there really are no differences because these different roles are based on human interpretations deriving from external opinion; in the film itself it is the â€Å"monster† that defines the role and the monster invariably defines the role of all human – regardless of gender – as prey. When it comes to drive in theater/direct to DVD releases, serious study is often difficult. Films that are cranked out to cash in on a niche market are generally not works of art. Those horror films that do rise to a higher level of art, however, can provide a brilliant insight into the multitude of variances of gender roles that exist. In examining gender roles in horror films, one could split the genre into two halves: the pre-ALIEN era and the post-ALIEN era. In the era prior to 1979’s landmark film ALIEN, the perceived role of women was that of the unwilling victim who was Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 2 menaced by the vampire, werewolf, artificial construct et al and needed a hero to save her. This is referred to as a perceived appearance because the role of the female character was actually much stronger then that in certain films. (In the more â€Å"B grade† films the role of the victim was a cardboard one lacking in any depth) With the release of ALIEN, a female character was presented as a strong adversary of the monster. Instead of needing to be saved, the female heroine defeats the monster quite handily. This would become the more common female role in horror movies. Unfortunately, this more active role would be perverted into â€Å"the last victim† stereotype crafted in the slasher films of the 1980’s; a role that still exists for many female characters to this very day. Of course, not all female gender roles are heroines or victims. The recent release of SAW III brought back the lesser used concept of the female villain. The most famous example could be found in 1932’s underrated DRACULA’S DAUGHTER. While the role of the female vampire was effective, there was little interest in continuing to use females in â€Å"horror movie heavy roles†. The usage of a female in a horror role was limited although it was not without precedent. A female werewolf debuted in lost werewolf film unimaginatively titled THE WEREWOLF. (Female werewolves would return in such films as SHE WOLF OF LONDON and CRY OF THE WEREWOLF) But, this particular role was limited. Further roles of females in the monster role range from the exploitative (THE VAMPIRE LOVERS) to the downright silly (FRANKENSTEIN’S DAUGHTER) to the brilliant (THE EXORCIST) While this particular gender role of Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 3 villainess is limited it is not without precedent and it does occasionally appear. In rare instances, it is done effectively as seen in films such as the aforementioned SAW III and THE DEVIL’S REJECTS. There are questions that need to be raised in terms of how a woman’s role vs. a male role in a horror film is devised. While some may look for a profound answer to this the real answer is somewhat mundane. That is to say, the roles presented in many of these films are simply reflections of common themes. Consider the following assessment: â€Å"In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, please in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects a fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact†¦ † (Mulvey 203) In other words, the gender roles prevalent in most horror films was simply what the audience had grown accustom to expecting. If the audiences of the 1930’s sat down in a dark theater in the 1930’s and were treated to a female hero in DRACULA or KING KONG the films would have been radically different in their narrative. Audiences generally expected a common role for men and women in horror films and any departure from these roles may run the risk of being rejected. Well, they will not be rejected if they are scripted well. In the 1976 KING KONG remake, Jessica Lang’s dopey dialogue to Kong did change her role from the frightened Fay Wray of the original film, but not in a good way. Screaming at the top of your lungs at the sight of a monstrous ape makes sense. Looking at a gigantic amorous Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 4 ape and saying â€Å"This isn’t going to work out† is just outright silly. It simply is not the role people expect in a situation of grave terror. But traditional roles do not always exhibit passivity. In a way, Fay Wray’s fear and terror is not so much submission or passivity as much as it is obstinate. She rejects Kong and stands up for herself. Her screams are screams of defiance and such defiance throws Kong off his game plan. As such, her role is really not as passive as one would assume. She does stand up to the creature, but unlike Jessica Lange’s obtuse reaction Wray’s reaction is believable. This is what makes her defiance believable. In a way, gender roles in horror films really more blurred than most would initially assume. Consider the following conclusion: â€Å"From its beginning gothic writing entwined culture and economy as well as blurring sexual boundaries and disturbing aesthetic and moral categories. † (Botting 135) On the surface, many would be disinclined to agree with such a statement. After all, what blurring of gender roles are there to be found in a horror film? Prior to ALIEN, the roles of men and women were starkly contrasted. In the post ALIEN world, women take on a more active role. This is hardly blurring. In fact, the roles are fairly obvious and pronounced. Again, this is what might appear to be the fact on the surface because on the surface we are looking at the actual action of the characters. The roles of the characters do not change regardless of the decade the film was produced. That is to say, humans – whether they are male or female – remain victims in horror films. Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 5 That is, Ripley may be active in ALIEN but she is the prey of the alien no different from the role of Fay Wray in KING KONG. Even in 1942’s THE WOLFMAN we can see a variant of this. Consider Evelyn Ankers role in the film: her character Gwen is far from a weak female. She is a very independent and strong character. At the film’s climax, she goes out in the woods by herself looking for her boyfriend even though she knows a werewolf is prowling. Of course, the werewolf attacks her because that is what werewolves do. The werewolf – like aliens, vampires and giant monsters – only sees humans as prey. The creature often does not see gender roles. The role to the creature is irrelevant beyond seeing humans as victims. Victims are essentially the repressed regardless of their gender role. â€Å"What is primal Repression? Let us call it the ability of the speaking being always already haunted by the other, to divide, reject and repeat. Without one division, one separation one subject/object having been constituted†¦ why? Perhaps because of the maternal anguish, unable to be satisfied within the encompassing symbolic. † (Kristeva 12) As such, the gender role of the active male or active/passive female never really changes. The role they play is always reactive to the creature and this makes them perfect for the role of a victim. This may seem like a odd way of looking at the roles because it deviates from the commonality of what we are grown to expect in horror films. This is because â€Å"Cinema is at once a form of perception and a material perceived, a new way of encountering reality Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 6 and a part of reality thereby discovered for the first time. † (Shaviro 40) That is, one of the benefits to enjoying a film is watching how humans are presented. Even in fantastic films such as the horror genre there is a unique insight into reality present and that particular reality is both the different roles genders play (passive/active) based on human perception and then there is the monsters perception: prey. As such, there are different roles and singular roles occurring at the same time. As Barker illustrates: â€Å"If she had been taciturn in the street, Anne-Marie was anything but in the privacy of her own kitchen. Gone was the guarded curiosity, to be replaced by a stream of lively chatter and constant scurrying between a half dozen minor domestic tasks, like a juggler keeping several states spinning at once. † (Barker 74) That is, a singular person can play many roles based on varying perceptions. While there are many different types of horror films, all horror films center on the common theme of predator and prey. While sometimes there may be variants to the role ( a sympathetic monster, a flawed human hero, etc) the end result always returns to the original theme: predators seek their prey. Sometimes, the prey is passive and sometimes the prey remains passive. Of course, prey can be both male and female and, unfortunately, the gender roles of the prey often follow common stereotypes. However, to the classic monster gender roles are irrelevant: to the monster all humans are prey and that trumps gender roles completely. This is not to say that there are no nuances found in the various gender roles. But, as far as the creature is concerned all humans are prey no matter how they act or react through the course of the film. Bibliography Barker, Clive. â€Å"The Forbidde. † In IN THE FLESH: TALES OF TERROR. New York: Poseidon Press, 1986. 67 – 108. Botting, F. â€Å"Candy Gothic. † In GOTHIC CAMBRIDGE: Boydell & Brewer, 2001. 133 – 151. Kristeva, Julia. â€Å"Powers of Horror: A Study in Abjection. † New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Mulvey, Laura. â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative cinema. † Shaviro, Steven. â€Å"Film Theory and Visual Fascination. † In THE CINEMATIC BODY. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1993. 1 – 65.

Synthesis Paper

For example, Tony Parker is a good person with a good heart wherein he helps those needy people. This comes from his winnings against their past opponents giving support on their charity. The achievement is not only for him but also to those people who need their help. These traits are passing from one person to the other. It could be his son who will continue what he had started. When they grew up, they will know more about the things they haven't done and understand yet. One factor that a person had adapted is also from the environment, the people around who encourage them.Behavior involves responding to or interacting with the environment. The total response mechanism involves systems like the nervous system, glands, muscles and sense organs. The five senses, sense of sight, hear, smell, taste and touch; you will be able to do daily activities. For example, when you are blind you lost your sense of sight. So how could you identify things behind you or what will you do. This lack c an lead you to accidents. Sensation is the process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain. It is a passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the DOD and to the brain.This works when the sensory organs absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment and sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain. A large amount of information is being sensed at any one time such as room temperature, brightness of the lights, someone talking, a distant train, or the smell of perfume. With all this information coming into our senses, the majority of our world never gets recognized. We don't notice radio waves, x-rays, or the microscopic parasites crawling on our skin.We don't sense all the odors round us or taste every individual spice in our gourmet dinner. We only sense those things we are able too since we don't have the sense of smell like a bloodhound or the sense of sight like a hawk; our thres holds are different from these animals and often even from each other. Perception is the active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses. This works when the brain organizes the information and translates it into something meaningful. For example, when he/she is in pain, you comfort him/her.Why did you act like that? This only means that o are worried if something happens because you have a feeling of admiration. Your brain tells you to make him/her happy for him/her to be able to forget about it even for a day, much better for a lifetime. It may seem that learning and memory would be an easy thing to talk about since they're such universal phenomena. But because they're so universal many people often use different words to refer to the same thing and sometimes the same words to refer to different things. That can lead to a wealth of confusion.Learning is a durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. This act ually covers a lot of ground. For example, a guy watching a basketball strategy lessons so he can play well to impress girls. At first you don't want to learn more strategy on how to play a basketball but because it has an advantage, you are pursuing to learn. You ask guidance from your friends who knows how to play well or this way which is now commonly used preferably teenagers who were fun of watching videos on Youth. In this way it is easy for them to learn because there are many ways on how to do it.You learn when you really want too, especially when it gives you a pleasing resonantly and others do it for fame. Fame in which from the start they were craving but now they were masters. How will you able to learn when you're too lazy? Laziness is the most commonly reasons wherein they don't have learning specially students. How will you able to get good grades without learning. Types of learning aren't all the same, don't all use the same psychological processes or require the sam e parts of the brain, but they're still learning according to our definition.Memory means by which past experience is drawn on to guide or direct behavior or thoughts in the present. For example, an adult playing basketball and dribbling it like he did when he was a kid 20 years ago. Remembering this times make him remember the good times when he is still young. He could play with his friends at the streets during their free time. Taking a look at the past makes him happy, but there were also experiences which are suppose not to bring out anymore. It might be a painful past or a bad dream you have encountered. It's difficult when you lost your memory where in fact this is one of the most important things.Ever wonder why some people meme to be very successful, highly motivated individuals? Where does the energy, the drive, or the direction come from? Motivation is an area of psychology that has gotten a great deal of attention. You are motivated by your family, friends and of course God. For example, a guy who wants to play basketball. He plays because he was motivated by his friends to gain fame and impress someone whom he admires most. So he practices during his break time. Motivation helps you also gain self confidence facing unknown people around you. You also don't feel that tired and helpless.The reason is cause we all want to be successful, we all want direction and drive, and we all want to be seen as motivated. Consciousness is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, the self, and thoughts about experiences. The conscious state is a state of awareness where the mind knows exactly what it is thinking of. We can be highly conscious, or unconscious. We get drowsy as we wake up in the morning getting more aware of our thoughts and feelings. High-level of awareness in the conscious state involves controlled processing, where attention is most alert and selective, allowing us to focus.Sleeping is essentially important to us because our mental and physical functioning can deteriorate if we go without it for extended period. Our sleep and wakefulness are regulated in accordance with our external events. For example, you play basketball last day with your friends; you are really tired because you like your team to won against you're opponents because they were strong combination also. Because of that, you sleep early but wake up in the morning late. Your body needs rest to gain back the energy you had used the other day.Intelligence has been defined in many different ways such as n terms of one's capacity. It can also be more generally described as the ability to perceive and retain knowledge. For example, for your team to be able to win in a basketball, you and your teammates are supposed to have knowledge on how to do that or to do this especially defends and offensives. Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted. The psychometric approach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings

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Should gambling be illegal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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History US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History US - Essay Example By 1939, the US unemployment still exceeded 20%. The New Deal also raised taxes such that entrepreneurs became discouraged from investing more. As such, the New Deal failed to end the Great Economic Depression. When World War II started, America hesitated to join until 1942, when about 12 million soldiers were sent overseas to fight alongside the allies to defeat Adolf Hitler. Back home in the US, about 15 million people were employed in the manufacturing of military weapons, machines and equipment. Folsom (2010) and Bohanon (2012) agree that this is the most significant moment of the New Deal because it created more jobs than ever. Many Americans got employed either in the army or the military industry. This again provided an opportunity for production to increase in the US, hence boost the economy. Unfortunately, the produced weapons were not being used by civilians at home. They were sent overseas to be used in the war field. Even the soldiers themselves could not eat weapons. They needed bread, homes and sustainable jobs. On the other hand, taxes were still high such that what people earned could not suffice. As such, life still remained miserable and the quest to end the Economic Depr ession was far from reality. According to Folsom (2010), towards the end of the war, in 1944, President Roosevelt started preparing for the post war economic recovery. He drew his vision but died six months before the war ended and before he could implement his post-war America agenda. His successor, Harry Truman, wanted Roosevelt’s agenda implemented but the opposition (Congress) refused vehemently and opted for the opposite. Finally they agreed to totally deviate from the New Deal and adopt a totally new Recovery plan which included the following: no federal program for health care, no full-employment act; only limited federal housing; and no increase in minimum wage or social security benefits. Instead, the

Interdisciplinary Team Approach for Asthma Essay

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Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Evolution - Essay Example Although Scientists are convinced that macroevolution occurs resulting in emergence of new species, this is a misconception. This paper argues that macroevolution has never and will never occur. The reasons given by scientists to support occurrence of evolution are controversial and disputable. Irrespective of there being no observable evidence to show occurrence of macroevolution, scientist continue to defend the notion that the existing species evolved from primitive species through gradual stages. There is not recorded evidence that any distinct organism ever evolved into a different kind of organism. This shows that evolution of any significant scale has never occurred and will never occur (Camp, 2006). If the process of evolution ever occurred, then someone must have observed it. On the contrary no one has ever witnessed an organism undergo evolution. Additionally, there are no transitional forms of organism in existence. If evolution does occur, then different organisms of different species would at least be seen in their transitional stages (Denton, 2010). On the contrary, organisms belonging to same species are almost indistinguishable in terms of the traits they possess. Although a single species may have different varieties, there are no organisms in the transition stages that show characteristics such as shared features between two different species. For example, if human evolved from the apes, there should be some existing ape like human in the process of evolving into humans. On the contrary, contemporary apes are different from humans with no entities in the transitional stages (Camp, 2006). Another reason why macroevolution is an invention by scientists is failure of experiments in the lab. Scientists have carried out experiments using rapidly reproducing organisms such as fruit flies in an attempt to produce better species. Such experiments have failed even with use of

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Leadership - Essay Example In organizations, managers are the leaders of the subordinates. Workers should obey the instructions from the managers in order to execute a project successfully. The manager’s ability to derive maximum out of a worker is one of the critical success factors of an organization. Managers may adopt many strategies to get the maximum out of a worker. Linking of rewards with performance and adoption of suitable management styles are some of the strategies taken by managers in organizations to improve the productivity of the workers. This paper briefly analyses the importance of linking of rewards with performance and best possible leadership styles to control employees in an organization. Recognitions are important in personal and professional life. Nobody likes to work in an organization if the organization fails to recognize their good performances and complement them with rewards. Rewards are motivating factors for the employees to increase their performances and productivity. â€Å"Great leaders will seek to create environments where their followers are rewarded for their hard work and success† (The Importance of Using Rewards and Recognition To Lead, 2010). Rewards can be given in different forms like incentives, praising words, promotions etc. It is a fact that majority of the employees are working for money rather than helping an organization. They will work hard if they have the prospects of getting more money linked with more performances. Rewards can motivate all the employees irrespective of who is getting it. Those who failed to get reward will definitely try to improve their performance in anticipation of a possible reward in future. In some cases, even a praising word by the manager may serve as a great boost to the employees. It is not necessary that financial gains alone may motivate an employee. Some employees attach more value to the psychological factors and the praising words may

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

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Discussion Question week 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Metabical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Metabical Analysis Essay All other Weight-Loss Options in Exhibit 2 are more expensive that the target $30/ month out of pocket cost. No other weight loss option offers cost containment cards. No other product combines two mechanisms for weight loss: Metabical combines two pharmacologic mechanisms to produce weight loss: Fat blocker, meditonan and appetite suppressant, calosera. Due to the dual mechanism, the medications can be dosed in lower levels and therefore have a better safety profile and fewer side effects than either of the medications that have similar mechanisms, Meridia (prescription appetite suppressant phentermine) or Xenical (originally prescription fat blocker, now over the counter in a lower dose with fewer side effects, Alli) Metabical is dosed once daily, which leads to better patient compliance than over the counter Alli, which must be taken with each meal in order to block fat absorption. Metabical is FDA approved, which demonstrates efficacy and relative safety as compared to over the counter or herbal remedies. Metabical is dispensed by prescription only, which allows physicians to have more control and awareness of what their patients are taking, and to coordinate the use of Metabical with other prescription drugs in a group of patients (moderately obese), who are prone to obesity related disease states, such as heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, and joint injuries. Metabical is the only prescription weight loss medication with an indication for moderate obesity (BMI 28-30). Other prescription weight loss preparations are indicated for morbidly obese patients with BMI 30. * As a prescription drug, physicians are also able to combine Metabical with nutrition counseling or behavior modification support.

Muslim Women Essay Example for Free

Muslim Women Essay The more and more I study about Muslim Women and the obstacles they face, I become angered. In writing this paper, I’ve found that there is no substantial evidence in any Muslim or Islamic writings that states that women should be treated as slaves or insubordinates. Women are to be respected, protected, and loved; no matter what religion or color they may be. So, my paper will focus on these three things, but the lack of it. What is the definition of respect? Respect is a positive feeling of esteem or deference for a person or other entity. When you respect a person, you will show it through actions and deeds; without any conjuring. I’ve noticed that Muslim women aren’t respected too well within their own religion. The Sharia Law is the moral code and religious law of Islam which deals with many topics such as prayer, fasting, diet, sexual intercourse, hygiene, etc. It is considered the infallible law of God; there is no human interpretation. The two sources of this law are the Quran and Mohammed; the last source is part of the human interpretation that many state the Quran doesn’t possess. According to the Sharia, women aren’t equal to men unless it is in religious duties such as prayer, fasting, and making hajj. Contrary to what most Muslim men believe, a woman is not created for the purpose of a Muslim man. Rather, they are both created for each other. They are to help, support, and cleave to one another through their life and Islamic religion. Some Muslim men have taken the Quran and made it to be a falsity to their perception and added to it. This addition has caused many Muslim women to be disrespected and abused. Many Islamic religions are filled with much domestic violence. Take Bibi Aisha’s case, her husband was part of the Taliban and she never had a chance to see him. During his time away, her in-laws beat her, tortured her, and made her sleep with the livestock. The abuse became too much, so Bibi ran away, but her father returned her back to her in-laws. Due to her disappearance, her husband returned and he proceeded to torture her in front of the community by removing her ear and nose. She was left in the desert to bleed to death. She ran to her uncle’s house and he turned her away, but her father-in-law took her to the Americans (military) where they tended to her wounds and protected her. You can find her picture on my blog for this class. When I see her, I see a woman of strength and perseverance. It’s said to say, but this incident which brought her much pain, seems to have blessed her. It is because of the mutilation of her face that she is free and in a better place. It is well known within the Islamic culture that domestic abuse is hardly unique. Many Muslim women deal with this atrocity daily, due to the thoughts of Muslim men. Most Muslim males believe that Muslim women are slaves or property. Most husbands believe its right to beat their wives and treat her with disdain. An often-quoted verse in the Quran says a husband may chastise a disobedient wife, but this is open to several interpretations. What is the definition of protection and love? Protection is to cover or shield from exposure, injury, damage, or destruction and love is a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. I can’t say that I see these actions practiced within the Muslim culture. If anything, Muslim women are caused to feel scared, unsafe, unprotected, and abused. The most common form of abuse is emotional and mental abuse. This can include verbal threats, intimidation, neglect, extreme jealousy and possessiveness. The worse of the two is the mental abuse which causes severe psychological harm. It destroys her self-esteem, self-worth, and causes many to have nervous breakdowns and become suicidal. Some of the factors that make Muslim men abusive Muslim women are: 1. Economic hardship, political oppression experienced outside the U.S., problems with the children, or an inferiority complex. 2. Some Muslim men accept the idea that its normal for a man to hit his wife and that she is no more than a piece of his property. 3. It’s generational; habits are picked up after watching their own fathers abuse their mothers. 4. Some abuse their wives because they want them to be more modern and less Islamic. SO they have their wives remove their hijab (Islamic dress), while others turn to abuse in order to keep their wives traditional; which is the exact opposite of the former. In a marriage, the Quran is very clear on procedures in discipline for Islamic wives. First, there’s peaceful discussion between the two about the problem and resolutions. If this doesn’t work, the next step is for the husband to be more stern and focused. If the disobedience persists from the wife, the husband will leave the bed which is a form of punishment for not only the wife, but also the husband. If that doesn’t work, then other family members will become involved and try to help in resolving the issues and being fair to both parties. This is not totally true because the Muslim religion is male dominated and gender-controlled. The males within the family will be the first and last to define choices of resolution. Remember, Muslim women really don’t have rights. Whether it’s within their family, job, mosque, or society. There is no balance when it comes to gender or to resolving life’s issues in the Muslim culture. During this whole process, Muslim women keep quiet due to feelings of depression and hopelessness. They began to feel like no one will help them and they are constantly aware of their co-dependence to their husbands. Financial independence is something that is always in the forefront of their minds, but it’s always tainted by the images of control in the Muslim culture. So, they make a decision to stay in bondage to keep their homes, children, and the love of their husbands; the latter is questionable. Some Muslim women see the abuse as a fact of life and learn to live with it. So, what does the abuse and control have to do with Women’s Studies? Well, throughout the class we focused on many different types of situations that involved women; whether good or bad. The control and abuse that is present in the Muslim culture reminds of gender prejudice and gender discrimination. Both are one in the same, but speak of different influences. Gender prejudice is a belief that women are the weaker of the sexes emotionally and physically and must be protected from the world outside. I know that males are expected to be the providers and to dominate the decision making in the home, but there sh ould still be some form of balance. Balance is needed in everything; whether it’s life, work, or play. We all need to have a sense of structure or rules, but there must be a state of adjustment. In reviewing gender discrimination, you will find prejudicial treatment based upon groups or individuals due to their gender or sex; there is no protection factor involved. Gender discrimination can affect both men and women, but women are usually at the receiving end, since most cultures in the world are patriarchal and male-dominated. This isn’t a far cry for religions because mostly all religions are male-dominated. You will find women aren’t seen as being equal to men within the scope of religion. It is partly due to how man has interpreted their religious readings or scriptures, and twisted it to be a form of evil and disdain. Yes, there are places within scripture that speak of women being unclean due to their monthly or being untouchable after childbirth. But is it because the woman is evil, or is it a form of protection for her and anyone that she may come into contact with? All in all, I see the Islamic religion as being so gender biased that it causes me to become angered. This religion seems to prevent Muslim women from nurturing their true identity and blossoming into women of self-worth and self-esteem. Hiding one’s face can make a person feel unworthy and disconnected. It’s a joy to feel positive about yourself and who you are. Being able to feel good about your looks and your body can be very uplifting to the psyche and soul. What puts a damper on that? Having a father, brother, husband, or any male to make you feel that your very essence is despicable and dirty. Hopefully, in the 21st century, things will change and get better. Until then, it’s up to us to become more aware of the many differences of cultures and religions. These differences could cause or society to become cold, unloving, and aloof. I don’t believe our world should be this way. If anything, love should prevail and the worship of a power stronger than you should cause you to love everyone even the more. Bibliography Roald, Anne S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. Routledge. Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi, ed. Encyclopedia of Women Islamic Cultures. Brill Academic Publishers. Women and Violence. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. United Nations Department of Public Information, Feb. 1996. Web. 07 Dec. 2011 American Muslim Women Unveil, and Explain Why: NPR. NPR: National Public Radio. 19 Oct. 2011. Muslim Clerics on the Religious Rulings Regarding Wife-Beating. Jihad Watch. 15 Nov. 2011.

American And Philippine Electoral Systems

American And Philippine Electoral Systems Election is the bedrock of republicanism. It is the heart that pumps blood in order to sustain our democratic life. Election serves as a crevice in the democratic field where voters, for themselves and the public good, plant the seeds of their ideals and freedoms. In a republic undergirded by a social contract, the threshold consent of equal people to form a government that will rule them is renewed in every election where people exercise their fundamental right to vote to the end that their chosen representatives will protect their natural rights to life, liberty and property. It is this sacred contract which makes legitimate the governments exercise of its powers and the chosen representatives performance of their duties and functions.  [1]   Primarily, the study aims to discuss the election system of the United States of America coupled with the examination and review of the Automated Election System in the Philippines. An election system is a concept imbued with several vantage points; hence, the study will explore only those points of American election system which has a bearing on the Philippines first-ever poll automated election. In particular, the first part of the study will present a brief overview of the American system focusing on the national levels substantiated by way of registration and participation in the electoral process, the Electoral College, the role of the media and the system which they adopted in casting their votes, which is electronic. The second part will make a review and examination of the 2010 Philippine Automated Election and make comments or recommendations for its improvement. The American Election System: An Overview Election is a fundamental part of the American system of government founded on the principle that the power to govern resides in the people. Elections provide the means by which the people delegate this power to elected representatives. The chance to elect a particular candidate serves as an opportunity for the public to make choices about the policies and programs while promoting accountability at the same time.  [2]   Election in the United States is held at regular intervals. Presidential elections take place every four years while congressional elections occur every two years. Elections for state and local office usually coincide with national elections. In most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, voters select the partys candidates for office. Electoral College is the institution through which Americans elect the president and vice president. Many American voters are not aware of the role of the Electoral College because they thought they elect the president and vice directly. In fact, when they cast their votes, they are voting for officials called electors who are assigned to each presidential candidate. Each state is allotted a number of electors equal to the number of its representatives and senators in the U.S. Congress. Through its power of apportioning representatives among the states, Congress determines the number of presidential electors to which each state is entitled. The electors primary responsibility is to elect the president and the vice. Each presidential candidate has a slate of electors assigned to that candidate. When the candidate wins the popular vote in a particular estate, the electors assigned to that candidate are the ones who shall vote in the Electoral College. The electors vote for the presidential candidate who received the greatest number of votes in their state. In turn, the Electoral College only ratifies the results of the popular vote. In most instances, the candidate who wins the popular vote also wins the Electoral College vote. If the election is close, however, as was the election of 2000, the Electoral College may end up picking a candidate who did not receive most of the popular vote. The candidate who wins the presidency is the one who wins a majority of the Electoral College votes, rather than a majority of the popular vote. On four occasions in U.S. history-in 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000-the candidate with the most popular votes did not win the presidency because he did not win the most Electoral College votes. This is because Americans do not directly elect their president and vice president. If Americans directly elected their president, then the candidate with the most votes would automatically win  [3]  . Voter Participation The participation of citizen in U.S election is relatively low. According to my readings, slightly more than 50 percent of those eligible participate in national presidential elections. Only 30 percent of eligible voters take part in congressional elections during nonpresidential election years. Turnout plummets even further in state and local races that do not coincide with national contests. In 19th century, machineries of political party boosted participation rates by employing thousands of workers to organize and mobilize voters and influence them to participate in the polls. Political machines began to weaken and then disappeared in the early 20th century. Voters will not participate without the presence of party workers who will encourage them to go to polls. In the absence of strong and stable parties, participation rates have dropped dramatically among less-educated individuals. Voter Registration Aside from political party strength, the national differences in voter participation result from variance in the registration rules. Voters must register with election boards of each state before they can vote. Towards the end of 19th century with the aim of reducing fraud and other election abuses, requirements of registration was made even more difficult. In urban areas, registration rules discouraged immigrant and working class voters from going to the polls. Registration requirements have eased in most states since the 1960s. An eligible individual may now register to vote by simply mailing a postcard to the state election board. The 1993 federal Motor-Voter Act required states to make such postcards available in motor vehicle, public assistance, and military recruitment offices. Legislators hoped that easing burdens on voters might reverse trends in voting participation.  [4]   Role of Media in the Electoral Process The media, especially television, have played a role in the increase of cost in political advertisements in order to promote ones candidacy and the defeat of the opponent. Individual candidates spend more money on media advertising than any other else. To quote from my source, in 1860 the Republicans spent only $100,000 on Abraham Lincolns presidential campaign and on those of all Republican House and Senate candidates. In 1988 Republican candidate George H. W. Bush spent $70 million, just on the presidential race. During the 1998 elections, a 60-second spot on prime-time television cost as much as $100,000 every time it ran. In effect, candidates ponder more on fund-raising rather than debating and discussing issues towards the constituents. The media have also made its impact in the dilapidating importance of political parties because it allows candidates to portray themselves to the electorate without any aid from their political parties. They use the media to gain popularity. These candidates erode the authoritative influence of political parties by appealing to the general public through the media.  [5]  National party conventions, which officially nominate candidates for president and vice president, used to be stirring meetings where leaders decide who would receive the nomination. Recently, presidentiables have become independent political entrepreneurs who appeal to the people rather than to party leaders. This has made personal campaign organizations more efficient moneymaking tools than the national parties. This dilemma tends to destabilize loyalty to the powerful institution of political parties. Electronic Voting United States has been using a system since the middle of 70s that allows votes to be entered electronically, otherwise known as electronic voting. According to my source, this balloting system is also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses an entry device to register vote selections, and the entries are transferred to electronic recording media, such as hard drive or a memory card. The direct entry device may be electronic, as with a touch-screen, or electromechanical, such as pushbuttons. The earliest electronic system is the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. This is intended to make voting more accessible and comfortable especially to the disabled. The   [6]  selection made by the voter comprises a ballot. After the polls close, the contents of the ballots are tabulated and reported by the voting system as vote totals. These totals are typically provided in a printed paper format that can be read by the workers at the individual precinct locations. There was a slow reaction of e-voting systems in the United States. The Help America Vote Act of 2002 provided billions of federal funds for cities and towns to replace the existing punch-card systems. Many of these systems were replaced with DRE systems. From E-voting of the West to Philippines The lack of an independent proof or audit trail for the vote data collected by DREs led experts to consider the requirement that all electronic equipment should provide a printed version of the ballot that the voter could examine and review for accuracy and authenticity. DRE-printed ballots are known as voter verified paper ballots or voter verified paper audit trails, VVPB or VVPAT for brevity respectively. VVPBs or VVPATs can also be produced by equipment that does not electronically record the ballot image or vote data such as devices used by disabled citizens that print or prepare a ballot to be optically scanned. Recently, computer expert David Dill posted a petition about e-voting at Stanford University stating that operation of new voting machines that do not provide a voter-verifiable audit trail should be stopped and existing machines should be modified to produce ballots that can be checked separately by the voter before being submitted and cannot be changed after submission. The ballots thus submitted shall be regarded as actual votes taking  [7]  primacy over any electronic counts. As one of the forerunners of e-voting, Philippines adopted with what has been practiced by modern democracies worldwide. Automation was supposed to address the problem of too much human intervention which made the system vulnerable to human error or fraud. The Comelec decided that the antidote was automation because it assured more accuracy than manual count and was faster which would unburden the people especially the teachers, from the drudgery of a manualized system. Philippine Automated Election System Pursuant to Poll Modernization Law as amended by Republic Act 9369, the counting, tallying, transmission and consolidation of votes under automated election system-AES will be done by computers. According to the Philippine Star, the Comelec has purchased 82,200 voting machines from the foreign company Smartmatic, which the Comelec calls Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines. The excruciating and tedious counting process under the manual system which takes days, weeks or even months before the results are finally known will no longer be adopted. All votes cast at every precinct will automatically be counted by the PCOS machine at the closing of polls and the results will be transmitted electronically to the appropriate canvassing/consolidation centers. Paper-Based System and Pre-Election Procedures Paper ballots are still used during the voting process since voting is done through optical mark reader-type machine, in accordance with the mandate of the law. The ballot contains the names of candidates for every position from national down to local aspirants and the parties under the party-list system as well. There are ovals opposite each name and party. The ballot will be used front and back. Three days before the day of election, the Comelec conducted a dry run of the PCOS machines by inviting members of the public to accomplish test ballots. These ballots were counted manually and election returns showing the results will be prepared. Then the same set of ballots will be counted by the PCOS machines and the results will be compared with that of the manual counting. If the results are the same, the participants will certify the truthfulness of the results by signing on the printed elections returns. According further to my source, the PCOS machines was delivered to the 80,136 clustered precincts around the country albeit with some delays where they will be stored and sealed until Election Day. During this time, the machines are not allowed yet to be connected to any transmission lines to prevent hackers from having access to them. The public can secure the area where the machines will be stored. The Voting Process and Transmission of Results The machine can still read a marking even if the voter fails to fully shade the ovals opposite the candidates of his choice. The PCOS machine has an LCD screen which will signify if the ballot is accepted or rejected to prevent spoiled votes.  [8]   9In contrast with manual voting, the voter has to write the names of candidates and parties which he or she will vote. This is system is prone to errors and confusion such as when a name is misspelled, there are similar names or the names are confusingly similar. Under the automated system, these problems are immediately resolved because the voter has to mark only the names of the candidates of his choice whose names have already been printed on the ballot. The transmission cable is connected to the PCOS machine for the transmission of results from a particular precinct after the printing of the election returns. The results are transmitted electronically to the City or Municipal Board of Canvassers (BOC) via canvassing or consolidation machines which will consolidate the results from all precincts within the city or municipality. From then, it is to be transmitted electronically to the Comelec central office. Two-faced media The effect of broadcast media varies accordingly with respect to the candidates political advancement prior to election and towards the credibility of the poll automation. Firstly, with the advent of Penera 2 Supreme Court Decision, premature campaigning has lost its relevance in the modern world. In effect, even before the start of the campaign period, infomercials are rampant in TV screens, radio, Internet and others anywhere. These infomercials or ads, which may last from fifteen to sixty seconds, emphasize issues and personal qualities that appear important in the poll data. They attempt to establish candidate name identification, create a favorable image of the candidate and negative image of the opponent. These ads often make use of sound bites, short and punchy statements from the candidate designed for voters to remember otherwise known as the last song syndrome. In effect, there is a radical shifting of the equilibrium which tends to favor those candidates with deep pockets despite the presence of limitations prescribed by law. Secondly, media exposes those controversies and anomalies surrounding the poll automation e.g. overpricing of election paraphernalia, the validity of the contract between Comelec and Smartmatic-TIM, the authenticity of the source code, the possibility of machine failure and hacking and the likes. This scenario triggers the relentless minds of Filipinos, but not all, to question and to doubt the result of the automated election. Pessimism regarding the automations credibility is widespread as we have been hypnotized by the evil spells of past elections. In some way or another, media has succeeded in negativizing the legitimate image of what was supposed to be a giant leap from primitivism of manual count to modernity via electronic count. The role of media is controversial considering that journalists, after all, are not elected by the people. They are not even appointed or conformed by elected officials. One might ask if what gives these private citizens, working mostly for private corporations, the right to an influential role on how the country is governed. This study aims not to criticize the media because on the other side of the spectrum, they play a vital role in maintaining the governments integrity because media act as a disinfectant in exposing flaws in the government on the premise that it helps to correct those flaws if it is exposed. But unfortunately, this is not an issue covered by this academic paper. Pros and Cons of the System Several days prior to the day of the election, several personalities made a conclusion that there is likelihood that the automated election in 2010 can lead to cheating or failure of election. There are legitimate fears about the authenticity and reliability of the source code for the Precinct Counting Optical Scanners (PCOS), a tightly-guarded human readable set of rules or commands that will enable the machine to function. The chaotic manner by which the Comelec tested and finally awarded the contract was becoming apparent from a strange failure to maintain adequate time-and-motion studies, a terrible ratio of two customized pens per voting precinct and including the lapses and mishaps during the Election Day. Experts opined as well that machines are susceptible to jamming or hacking. Even the printing of these official ballots is loaded with security concerns. The fears raised by several sectors emulate a general distrust and suspicion not only in the Comelec as sentinel of the democratic vote, more so when the process lacks precision or transparency and the implementers lack of enough competence and possess little credibility not to speak of the inherent weaknesses such as vote-buying or harassing the Board of Election Inspectors to pay voters so they can fill up ballots themselves and the like. But on the brighter side, the automated election is the path to modernizing the Philippine electoral process. To quote from my source the technology might just be the equalizing factor against fraud that has bugged the system for years. It may not be perfect but it can lessen the impact of cheating against the results. Speedy counting is urgently needed in order to alleviate, if not totally removed, the chances of fraud. Christian Monsod, a well known political figure is of the opinion that there was no failure of elections, no catastrophic failure of technology or logistics and no outrage over its conduct or results. President Aquino won by the largest margin in history which was accurately tracked by the surveys and exit polls. There was a peaceful transfer of power on June 30, 2010. The scenario of a vast and elaborate conspiracy to make the elections fail so that Madam Arroyo could stay forever did not make sense.  [10]   The Comelecs plan to use the PCOS to speed-up the counting, transmission and canvassing of votes is aimed at preventing cheating, specifically dagdag-bawas or vote padding during the canvassing of election results. Printed names on ballots will prevent misappreciation of votes as compared to ballots written individually by the voters. Electronic transmission of results will help reduce physical intervention or obstruction and there would be faster counting and consolidation of results. In effect, winners could be declared without further delays. Contrary to what many believe, hacking the machines or tampering with the results while they are being transmitted are not the most controversial issues in poll automation because these would be expensive and difficult due to the security features that are carefully and analytically encrypted therein. Recommendations Voters education is the primary key to prevent fraud in the new electoral process because election operators would depend on them to introduce cheating and fraud in the results. Likewise, poll watchers should know which parts of the process are critical so they can guard against cheating. The print, broadcast and online media will play a vital role in helping to educate voters and all stakeholders regarding the new automated poll system. Everybody must be vigilant in protecting their rights so as not to be disenfranchised. Due to the consolidation of polling precincts and to avoid disenfranchisement of votes, there is also a need for an additional PCOS machines to prevent voters from rushing and then congesting within the precinct as if there is Wowowee, on the verge of stampede, prompting others to wait and eventually got discouraged from casting their votes. There After conducting an information campaign, there has to be a nationwide dry-run of the poll automated election to be conducted within the last month prior to the Election Day. This is intended in order to minimize, if not prevent, unwanted and unnecessary delays and mishaps during the actual voting. The Comelec must share as well the factual information about the automation and testing processes to accurately inform the public, including groups most critical of the automation project and to de-bunk misinformation and rumors. To summarize and to quote from what Monsod had said in his opinion regarding the 2010 automated election, a lot of governance problem was encountered by Comelec during the poll automation. These includes the late promulgation of rules, regulations and guidelines, disenfranchisement from defective voters lists, delays in delivery or non-deliveries of election paraphernalia, inadequate training of teachers and Comelec field personnel, inadequate voter education, irregularities of procedures. Most of these involve procedures but since election is a process, procedures partake of the substance of suffrage. These problems can all be solved with better management. Conclusion The study presented the brief overview of the American election system coupled with the in-depth analysis, examination and review of the 2010 Philippine Automated Election System. Election lies at the heart of every democratic government. Guarding the ballot of every individual against fraud is the primordial concern of the government per se. The people are the source of every power and authority that the government exercised. It is just but right to assure them the best protection and security the government can offer so that free, unwarranted and unhampered choice is achieved. Despite the problems encountered during the Election Day and despite all the suspicions and doubts regarding the machines vulnerability to hacking, failure, bug down and many more, the PCOS machines were able to heed the mandate of the electorate. The use of the automated system did not result in failure of elections as predicted by many overly critical personalities but that much still needs to be done to make the system perfect. We plant seeds in order to grow. There is no harm in trying anyway; there is always a room for improvement. In other words, the automation of the elections in May was not perfect but the system itself remains a viable option. The system need only be improved.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill a Mockingbird The theme of these two chapters is that Dill, and Jem wanted to go to the Radely house to get a peep at Boo Radely through the blinds. Scout feels uneasy about it but despite Jem’s wishes refuses to go home. He gets shot at with a gun while trying to escape. He lost his pants while escaping and when he went back to get them they where laid out on the fence like they where expecting Jem to come back. The next day every body was talking about it, they all thought Mr. Radely shot at a black man but missed. It seemed like Mr. Radely knew it was Jem though. Jem and Nathan Radley each said hi and Mr. Radely was talking about filling his tree with cement even though it was perfectly healthy. Jem found this strange. The protagonist in these chapters would be scout. She tries to convince Dill and Jem not to do it. Jem does not listen and tells her to go home, but she stays. Jem and Dill would be neither protagonist or antagonist of these chapters is Boo Radely because he is the main reason why Jem decides to go there in the first place. Scout is a tomboy who has a soft side. Even though she is rough and Strong, she is also a coward, like the time she wouldn’t go to the Radely house. She beats up the kids at school for example she beat up the kids for picking on her for liking black people. Scout is smart and trustworthy. Although most of the town is racist she thinks every body is equal. Jem is very brave, for example the time he went to see Boo Radely, and then when he lost his pants trying to escape, he went back for them even after the fact that he was shot at. He is smart but very stubborn, he wont listen to anybody because he always got to have things his way. Jem is strong, and persistent. He can sometimes be mean to Scout, epically after he met Dill. He isn’t racist and is kind and trustworthy. Dill is smart because he knows who to read even thought he is young. He is kind and open minded, he is not afraid to speak his mind. Dill is an open person, but he can be persistent. He is a smart boy but he can be very stubborn.

Free Internet Essays: We Must Not Permit Internet Censorship :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

We Must Not Permit Internet Censorship    The internet is the largest and most diverse source of information our planet has ever known. The internet is integrating our daily life transactions. This is possible because newspapers, television programs, movies, phone calls, computer data, commercial services such as banking and shopping, and a host of other sources of information and communication are all being reduced to the same digital format, and are all be sent along fiber optic cable (Harvard Law Review, 1994).    The libraries of the world, once on line will combine to form a larger base of information than anyone ever imagined. This vast library of information will be accessible in an instant, with the click of a mouse, where internet technology is available. We can compare the internet to another technological advance, which also changed the world. The knowledge potential created by the diverse information accessible on the web is similar to the energy potential realized when we discovered nuclear energy. Like nuclear energy, knowledge is very powerful, and can be used to for both good and evil deeds. Knowledge can indeed have the same converse negative side to it like nuclear energy does. Nuclear energy can be used to power entire cities, or it can be used to erase them. There is an important distinction to be made here. Knowledge is what we use to search for the truth in life, and this fact makes knowledge indispensable. Once we know the truth we can be free from manipulation. Because the internet is so unique in the way it allows access to information, we must protect the internet as a very precious resource. Censoring the internet, a cause, leads to a chain of related effects. The first of which is the upset of the natural balance of information on the internet. This happens when information is removed, thus narrowing the spectrum of available information. From this spectrum of information we derive bits of knowledge. So the second effect of censoring the internet is reduced knowledge. If we allow censorship to weaken the material our searching tool, knowledge, is made of, then we might even lose the truth. The loss of the truth is the third effect of censoring the internet. The final effect of censoring the internet is manipulation made easy. Before we follow this causal chain through its effects, I think it is important to explain what I mean by the truth.

Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers

Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54. Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54.

Keats’ grandfather Essay

I liked ‘Death of a Naturalist’, although it wasn’t pretty and it wasn’t nice. Sometimes it wasn’t even like a poem, more like a story that I can relate to, for I used to gather frogspawn and watch the small tadpoles develop into frogs.  I like the fact that it is a modern poem, that Heaney lived in N. Ireland and that this is probably a personal memory. It makes it interesting for me; I often wonder where that flax-dam is, or if it is still around, or if it looks as I imagine. I like the way there are no specific rules followed by this poet, that Heaney doesn’t allow them to rule his poem, and that we get that precious bit of child information. That is what makes the poem different, unique and special. Then the change in atmosphere alters the poem, makes it frightening, and I can laugh at the child here because that never happened to me.  Comparison of Keats’ and Heaney’s different attitudes and techniques  Keats lived in 19th century England and Heaney lived in 20th century N. Ireland, so their outlooks on life are bound to be different, reflecting on their poetry. Keats lived at a time when ‘poets were born, not made’, and those who were poets tended to be upper class gentlemen who did not need to earn an income. So the odds were stacked against him from the start. He was born in 1795 and came from a lower class family and when he was ten the first of many tragedies struck him, changing his personality forever. His father was thrown from his horse, killing him, then Keats’ mother remarried, and almost immediately after Keats’ grandfather died. While Keats and his siblings moved in with their grandmother his mother disappeared, and then reappeared a few years later, ill with tuberculosis. Keats nursed her until she died and after that his attitude to the world changed. He then trained to be an apothecary and passed the exam in 1816  It was at this time that Keats started to write poetry. Although Keats was considered a Romantic poet Romanticism at that time was a rebellion, the lead figures being Coleridge and Wordsworth, who were under heavy criticism. In 1818 the tuberculosis that would kill Keats showed itself, probably contracted from his brother Tom who Keats had nursed. While under the strain of his illness he met Fanny Brawne, with whom he fell in love with, and in September 1819 Keats wrote many odes including ‘Ode to Autumn’, despite his sickness.  He died in 1821 when he was just 26. Keats had a short, intense life, and his poetry reflected that. He was passionate, and never did anything by halves; he put all his effort into it. In ‘Ode to Autumn’ Keats writes fervently about his autumn as he sees it. However Heaney was born almost 145 years after Keats in 1939. He lived at the family farm in Mossbawn. In 1961 he took a first in English at Queen’s College, and two yr. later took up a position as an English lecturer there.  His poetry began under the guidance of Philip Hobsbaum, an English poet whose work involved his interest in natural imagery, with occasional violence filtered through. Heaney used these ideas in his work, and was also influenced by Ted Hughes, a personal friend and fellow poet. Heaney’s poem is about nature turning nasty, and at time Heaney had already lived through World War II, so the world seemed like a dark place at that time. This poem may be Heaney echoing this thought.  Keats and Heaney both see things passionately, and paint a vivid intense picture of it, they microscope what they see, like that they are similar, but the similarities end there as what they do see is very different. Keats sees the beautiful cover of nature and Heaney to the bare basic of nature. The most obvious differences in these two poems are the techniques, as Keats and Heaney are far apart in years their language and various techniques differ. Keats uses old language, which was probably common in those days, while some of Heaney’s words are very close to speech. Keats language accompanies his classic English style of poem, uses the traditional metre in conjunction with that customary style of English poem. Heaney’s poem uses the metre along with alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, punctuation and scatological words to get his message across; Heaney’s often strong words mean that your throat even moves like a frog. In ‘Ode to Autumn’ Keats writes as if he is removed from the autumn scene, watching from afar. An air of calm detachment surrounds it, and it is more of an expression of ‘This is how it is’ than ‘I feel’. Keats’ autumn is a picture frozen in time, beautiful and undying; ageless for him. He sees it as it is then, and not the decay, which will eventually take over. Keats refuses to see that, and is an idealist, thinking that things stay as you see them, but in a way they do for Keats because we see it in the poem and he sees it in his head the same forever, and the poem is a way of forever preserving it. Heaney’s nature has a darker meaning, beneath the surface there is many layers to nature, this is just one, one of the many. However the same is not true for Keats as his nature is more simple and idealistic. Heaney chooses to show us that nature is splendid, but underneath the cover it is also frightening. He is looking for answers because we only ever see part of the story (like in the poem, we only ever see the story from the child’s point of view), because we don’t know everything. We have to grow and learn from our experiences, and this is Heaney’s experience, and there is a change in the child from being a child emotionally and being protected from things like that, and being an adult, as he grows and learns. Heaney allows us to feel and see the full force of nature, the horror, and see that we cannot control it, but that the decay can. The decay equals the change in nature, and is a metaphor for the change in the child. We are part of nature and while we are not controlled by the change caused by decay what we see and feel and thus learn from changes us.  Keats’ nature is a divine force, nothing, not even decay can change it for Keats. The power of this poem is supposed to bring alive for us autumn as Keats sees it. That’s what Romanticism is about, turning something that an ordinary person would see as perhaps disgusting, into something beautiful and wonderful. For Keats art cures everything, it didn’t matter that he was dying of tuberculosis but it did matter that he wrote this poem. I think Heaney is trying to show that maybe we are taught to see things by society, and nature is the untamed truth e.g. the child is taught at school about the frogspawn but not how it is made, not mentioning the sexual reproduction involved. Nature is a better teacher than man, it teaches about that, it teaches about recycling in the decay.  It is not enough for Heaney to just watch nature like Keats does. He must be involved in nature. He gets his wellington boots out and gets stuck in. This most likely comes from having lived on a farm, and having all the experiences he did. Keats’ poem came from his ultimately dreamy heart, forever impractical on looking at things as they are.

Process Mapping

PDF Print Share answer subprogram An Over mentation Back to previous page transition playping An Overview What is it and how rout out it help me? A be of a affected role of jaunt is a visual act asation a picture or example of the relevant procedures and administrative operationes. The map shows how things are and what happens, re cumly than what should happen. This helps anyone concern see some other great deals views and roles.It female genital organ also help you to diagnose line of actions and rate areas for melioration. There are diverse maturees to represent unhurried locomotes, procedures and administrative movees in healthcare serve ups. Which one you take aim result face upon What you assume to vanquish along Resources and beatscales Engagement and concern of mental faculty Each one gives you a slightly different perspective and at that place is no definitive right or wrong. The cite is to strike how things are and non h ow they should be.Examples of bear on occasion techniques A subscribe to part tolerant transits attend mapping a conventional model mathematical operation mapping alternatives ways to conventional process mapping Process templates passing game by means of a affected role journey Spaghetti diagram evaluate numbered stairs A picture of fourth dimension and mental imagerys (process templates) subscribe by a single enduring Reviewing the forbearing pass mapping your put up ten diligent of roles using uncomplaining files and records acquiring patient perspectives Care avenue psycho abbreviation When does it ply best? single-valued function patient journeys is an essential alsol to reduce arrests and play up returns for patients and staff. Each approach reveals a different perspective. All approaches exclusivelyow for reveal supernumerary delays Unnecessary steps / redundant handovers extra of effort / waste Things that dont have palpate / non lo gical Likely hotspots, bottlenecks or constraints Depending upon which approach you use, you will be competent to identify bottlenecks and constraints Identify and understand variations in clinical practice Develop a shared understanding of the problem pull in teamsIdentify issues to do with timberland of care attain an in-depth understanding of a patients perspective Identify steps that dont passly leave to patient care (those that contribute are some sequences called assess added steps) Carry out substance and demand analysis from core culture Mapping things out commode also produce brilliant ideas especially from staff who dont normally have the luck to contribute to service proceeds, but really deal how things drill. How to use it You dont train to map everything stomach on the area where thither is a gap in your understanding, or which want forward motion.Ideally, you will know where the bottleneck is forwards you go into more limiteded mapping as the inco urseation you indigence should be slightly different. The culture and level of detail you need depends upon your functioning point. Consider the views and perspectives of the nation you want to subject with to identify the problems and solutions. Where do I start? What do you need to know? How simple can you go? Are you working at a high level along the undivided passage or focusing in more detail? Whose views do you need? What is the best way to engage them? Do you need to meet with / engage people in advance?How could you capture the patients view (if the mapping exercise includes wear out of the service they experience)? Wherever possible, use photographs and pictures of places, staff and equipment in mapping exercises. This brings your representation of how things are to life. Guide to ceremonious Process Mapping Potential doctor (on patient journeys) This is often used crosswise teams and Reduces unessential delays, time muddled out-of-pocket organisations (see ma pping the alone patient to extra and work that doesnt set up journey crosswise teams and organisations) to nose out, right support for constraints. earn close this mapping technique). Strengths exit A order of staffs knowledge somewhat their work distinct perspectives. (what happens and when it happens) mapped Interpretation is shared. along a patient journey. mental faculty buy-in for potential meliorations. Lots of ideas for improvement. salmagundi or improvement ideas. What it is comm however a big meeting of fifteen to twenty- flipper people lasting around dickens to three hours. aggroup building. Everyone understands the issues, so reduces shelter to change over proposals.What resources you need Weaknesses Skilled facilitator (not part of the group). A room. Lead-in time to get the right people in the swither to set up. room. Cost of external facilitation (unless you snip from the people involved, preferably at a time when there is lease opportunity for are able to get somebody from another interruption. part of the organisation). Rolls of paper, post-its. Time delay in getting going. raft who arent in the room dont get engaged. Lots of ideas for improvement overwhelming, so follow-up doesnt meet expectations.Non-Conventional Process Mapping Potential impingement (on patient journeys) This is often used crosswise teams and Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due organisations (see process mapping to duplication and work that doesnt hand alternative ways). sense or doesnt add value, right support for constraints. Outcome Usually more quickly accessed knowledge Strengths intimately a procedure / clinic / administrative process. details could focus on feces be planned in a shorter timescale. Walk the patient journey yourself. Set up a mini mapping session. Value added steps.Potential for more critical schooling to be produced. A good place to start. A picture of the time and resources Weaknesses (process templates) required b y a Could still get silos unless links or single patient. interfaces with other teams Staff buy-in for potential considered. improvements. Change or improvement ideas. What it is (eg different approaches) 1. Walking through the patient journey 2. Set up a mini process mapping session. 3. hunt a patient. 4. Be a patient . What resources you need Clipboard and paper (if doing it by yourself) or flipcharts, rolls of paper and post its. onsidered. Just because there is more detail, it does not (and should) not reflect everything. A judgement call involve to made on what veridically would be useful and what is possible to under keep in the time that has been allocated. Tracking paperwork, samples, patients Potential electrical shock (on patient journeys) through a frame (see tracer studies to Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due learn about this technique). to duplication and work that doesnt shake up sense or does not add value. Outcome A small number of pathways mapped ie 1 0 Strengths patient records along key steps and/or staff nteractions. Less resource intensive to set up. What it is A form essential to soak up information as something goes through the system. Collate the information and follow-up either through interviews or group converseion. Identifies steps that are hidden. train of detail in a contained area. rough staff whitethorn feel this approach is more scientific as it focuses on what happened and when, adding weight to the findings. What resources you need Planning time and good communication (staff who are involved need to know what they need to do and why). Weaknesses A good form. psychoanalysis time. Analysis time.Follow-up time (meeting or possibly interviews). will power of the results or findings less. more or less people whitethorn say the sample sizing is too small. Using patient files and records Potential impact (on patient journeys) (see reviewing the patient pathway mapping Standardises clinical practice / timescales at key stages of clinical pathway, reduces your last ten patients). unnecessary delays and work that doesnt add value. Outcome 10 records of patient journeys with timescales Strengths from a defined start and end point. What it is A review of patient records and a follow-up meeting to plow findings.Relatively quick and easy to focus it gives you a good starting point. Focus on clinically important events and when they happen. What resources you need portal to patient records (this isnt always Comparison across consultant. easy). Time to review the patient records. A room and the right people to discuss the Weaknesses results. Misses out the detail. Misses out the why things happen. People whitethorn say the sample size is too small. Walkthrough a patient journey / patient Potential impact (on patient journeys) shadowing (see process mapping Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due alternative ways). o duplication and work that doesnt make sense or doesnt add value. Delays cut down Outcome due to quality issues picked up from patients Qualitative perspective of the patients viewpoints. journey and interactions with staff. unwrap also Strengths getting patient perspectives What it is somebody shadows a patient taking a tour of all of the steps or some steps in a patients journey. You can also straitsway through the journey talking to staff, but you will miss interaction between patients and staff. What resources you need individual external to the team to conceptualize out the walk through.Identifies issues that staff may be less happy to cotton up in a bigger group. fiber focus. Identifies local solutions with staff that they can take forward. Good way for individuals in a team to see how other teams work. many preparation. Weaknesses Agreement about what to do with the findings. oecumenic ownership of the insights Staff who are deft at observing / gained (it is recommended someone interviewing doing the walk through. Permission from patients. external to the team does the walk Time to write it up. through). Shadowing does not necessarily rear representative views. Workflows (see spaghetti diagram)Outcome A picture of time wasted from walkway / movement of things. Strengths What it is A picture of the actual movement of staff, patients or things eg X-rays through a department. Called a spaghetti diagram as thats what it often looks like. Results of improvements Better layout for a department or ward establish on observations. scant(p) and quick to do. Visual picture reveals a lot and triggers much discussion. Weaknesses What resources you need Someone to observe the movement of the Also its military capability a single perspective person, patient or thing. Preparation and discussion time with team. Flipchart and pens.Compare with endorse establish pathways Results following improvement Development towards evidence pathways. based Outcome A comparison of your clinical pathways with live evidence based pathways. Str engths What it is Uses existing pathway work as a source of knowledge and ideas, links to pathway work Focus on evidence based care and best practice. Simple vision for the future. Map of Medicine May get people on the same page. Delivering quality and value Cancer Services collaborative Partnership Department of Health 18 week programme Weaknesses NHS Library Protocols and Pathways What resources you need Preparation.Access to the existing pathway. Meeting room and time with the right people. Flipchart. A focus on right patient, right care, right time (Source local evidence) May not pick up the reality of what is going on in your pathway (especially in support function).. Currently, only main pathways are available. You must know your own pathway to get the close to from it. Care Pathway Analysis Tools Results following improvement Care pathway analysis tools allow health Depends upon the focus of the modeling systems to map out the patient journey as a and the changes made as a result. rocess map. You can then vary this to show the potential impact of saucy ways of Strengths working, or new engineering and practice (see care pathway analysis). Displays ideas for improvement and potential impact without need to make What you get from the analysis actual changes on the ground. The anticipated impact prior to change. through with(p) right, it can save significant resources eg you can see bottlenecks and anticipate the impact Helps to experience derives of change. of changes in work patterns around the Can prevent closes that would make things worse quite a than better. ottleneck. The discussions around the results usually What it is lead to direct improvement. It is a semblance software tool. A number of Weaknesses tools are now macrocosm developed for the NHS, Generally needs a lot of data and some such as the Scenario Generator. The NHS expertise from information and analytic Institute for figure and Improvement has departments as well as facil itation. acquired a at large(p) license for all(prenominal) SHA and All models represent a view of the world. The PCT. impact the model simulates may not be what happens.What resources you need Currently, free tools only have peculiar(a) number Access to the simulation software. of pathways sensible standard of computer hardware not available to some regions. to insure simulation runs quickly. You must know your own pathway to get the Analytical expertise. most from it. supererogatory data. Meetings to develop your model. Good understanding about the strengths and limitations of the approach. Examples We want the simplest possible picture of how the process works, and simplest is the key word here.The aim of process mapping is to make things crystallize to provide us with insight, and the best map is the simplest map that provides that insight. The East Midlands Improvement Network before from Jones & Mitchell, Lean Enterprise Academy NHS Confederation. A high level value watercourse shows the time taken by each main party in an elective course care pathway. This type of map can give you context for more detailed mapping exercises. What next? Be clear about your focus. If you are starting out, select an approach that will give you an overview of the whole pathway. Try to get an experienced facilitator on board to help you out.Be clear about your objectives, ie ask what, why, when, where and how? For example, the scope of your fancy may be to reduce hold times for radiology. You know mapping will help you. What do you do? A duette of high level maps would be a good place to 1. Describing the workflow of the department, around diagnostic tests 2. Describing the whole pathway for the most common test These would pick up areas for improvement that are innocent (for example reducing the number of handovers) and may also pick up problem areas for more detailed mapping exercises.You should make improvements before you get to the next stage. The spec ific tools will guide you a hour more, but you may find it reformative to refer to the service improvement frame guide as a checklist. Some tools that may help you Listening the wideness of this skill will help to ensure all participants views are acknowledged Managing contravene may help with resistance to change Additional resources Websites Map of Medicine Map of Medicine is linked to Connecting for Health and is currently available to organisations in the english NHS.NHS Scotlands center on for Change and mutation covers measurement, analysis, techniques and solutions for service improvement in health, including a section on mapping. Background The techniques described here lead off in the main from the manufacturing industry, with a couple from social sciences. For example, the emphasis and term value stream mapping comes from an approach called Lean.Directly translated to health, this separates and maps out procedures and work processes that Directly benefit patients (hands on time, decision making) nurses the benefit of patients (eg staff training) Does not benefit patients (eg time spent looking for something that isnt in the right place) Our knowledge about how to move over these approaches to improve health services is growing all the time. The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS modernisation Agency, the bailiwick Clinical Governance Support Team and the learning and experience of work through with(p) by NHS organisations.At present, there is a strong influence from Lean and sextette Sigma approaches to mapping pathways, procedures and work processes in healthcare. The other strong influence on health services is the development of evidence based clinical pathways. These are being developed as standardised pathways, using evidence developed by organisations like the issue Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Mapping has been used to illustrate the world and how things work pretty much since the beginning of time.Hu mans voyage by maps, as well as using them to illustrate and make sense of the world. Different maps have different perspectives and uses which all combine to give us a more balanced overview of any granted situation. Acknowledgements / sources The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS Modernisation Agency, the National Clinical Governance Support Team and the learning and experience of work done by NHS organisations. Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2008 Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2006-2012